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Physiology > Section 5 Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? f and tidal volume impact effectiveness of ventilation.

A

T

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2
Q

Boyle’s Law:

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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3
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

Partial pressure in a gas mixture is the pressure that the gas would exert if it occupied the total volume.

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4
Q

Henry’s Law:

A

concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure

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5
Q

What is the gas composition of air?

A

78% N2 and 21% O2

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6
Q

How to find the pressure of a gas:

A

Fraction of that gas X barometric pressure (check)

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7
Q

What is water pressure at sea level and saturation?

A

47

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8
Q

Gases in alveoli:

A

O2, N2, H2O, CO2, Argon

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9
Q

Ideal alveolar gas equation:

A

Pressure of oxygen in alveoli = (inspired pressure of oxygen - alveolar oxygen pressure) / Respiratory Quotient

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10
Q

Respiratory Quotient =

A

(R) (VCO2/VO2)

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11
Q

What does PACO2 have a huge impact on?

A

ventilation and brain blood flow

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12
Q

How are brain blood flow and CO2 levels affected by hyperventilation?

A

blood flow to brain decreases, hypocapnic

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13
Q

Will hypercapnia increase or decrease brain blood flow?

A

increase

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14
Q

What arterial pressure of CO2 will chemoreceptors sense?

A

above or below 40 mm Hg, tightly regulated value

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15
Q

High PACO2:

A

Resp acidosis

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16
Q

Respiratory alkylosis:

A

Low PACO2

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17
Q

This will lead to the exceeding of CO2 elimination need:

A

Hyperventilation

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18
Q

How does the PaCO2 vary between men and women?

A

it doesn’t. EVERYONE has the same PaCO2

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19
Q

Will dead space ventilation be bigger or smaller with more frequent ventilation?

A

bigger

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20
Q

As frequency of ventilation increases the alveolar ventilation

A

decreases

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21
Q

Are muscles more or less efficient with high frequency?

A

less

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22
Q

High frequency ventilation increases alveolar ventilation, and increases the work and energy cost of breathing

A

F. decreases alveolar ventilation, all else is T

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23
Q

Amount of alveolar dead space in the average person:

A

0

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24
Q

If the tidal volume is double the frequency of breathing is:

A

halved

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25
Q

If the breathing rate is increase 3 fold how is the tidal volume affected?

A

decreases 3 fold

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26
Q

How are tidal volume and breathing frequency related?

A

inversely (check)

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27
Q

Which patient will have a larger dead space ventilation, a patient with a tidal volume of 1000ml or a patient with a tidal volume of 200ml?

A

tidal volume of 200. This patient will have 5 times more dead space (dead space ventilation is inversely proportional to tidal volume) (check)

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28
Q

Increasing Vdot CO2 leads to:

A

an increases in alveolar ventilation and, therefore, V dot E

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29
Q

Increases oxygen consumption leads to:

A

proportional increase in ventilation as a result of changes in both TV and frequency

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30
Q

What od increases in V dot CO2 require?

A

an increase in V dot A

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31
Q

V dot A =

A

V dot E - dead space V dot

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32
Q

Volume of gas must match

A

perfusion

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33
Q

What has a profound effect on gas distribution in the lung?

A

Gravity pulls lung down to the diaphram, distended downward, changes in pr caused bystrectch , air volume at base is much less than the gas levels at the base

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34
Q

What is distribution of gas in the lung dependent upon?

A

Gravity

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35
Q

Maximum translung pressure in cm H2O:

A

30ish cm H2O

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36
Q

Average tidal volume at rest:

A

500ml, 3-5 ml/kg

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37
Q

Another name for physiological dead space:

A

functional dead space

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38
Q

Is there more blood flow at the bottom or top of the lung?

A

bottom

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39
Q

VA/Q of lung:

A

0.8

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40
Q

Arteries in contact with the alveolar for gas exchange get what % of blood flow?

A

98% the other % is shunted

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41
Q

limitation to diffusion of perfusion or a shunt:

A

difference of ? can be much bigger

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42
Q

PO2 less than __ is considered arterial hypoxemia:

A

less than 80

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43
Q

Hypoxia:

A

PO2 less than 60

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44
Q

Hypercapnia:

A

PCO2 above 40 (due to ventilation, perfusion abnormality)

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45
Q

Where is the anatomical shunt?

A

pulmonary a to v

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46
Q

How does the anatomical shunt affect the inspired O2

A

not affected

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47
Q

what can cause low ventilation

A

lung not fully inflated

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48
Q

physiological shunt:

A

venous mixture low vet with normal blood flow caused by atelectasis

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49
Q

Arterial hypoxemia:

A

blood comes thru without coming in contact with the alveoli

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50
Q

Is mismatch greater for O2 or CO2?

A

O2

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51
Q

True or False? increase in ventilation can quickly fix the mismatch in ventilation perfusion.

A

F

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52
Q

Relationship between CO2 disoscion is:

A

linear (check)

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53
Q

Effect of changing cardiac output?

A

decreases O2 and increases CO2 and vice versa

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54
Q

Abdnormal PaCO2

A

if is outside the normal limits for gas exchanges ?

55
Q

When is there no inequality in ventilation perfursion

A

eliminate gravity, lie down, go in space, water

56
Q

increase exercise leads to:

A

increase VaQ (check)

57
Q

complete physiological shunt:

A

all blood goes through, zero ventilation, no oxygen pickup

58
Q

blocked blood flow

A

ventilation = 1, blood flow = 0

59
Q

Venous O2 =

A

40

60
Q

Venous CO2 =

A

46

61
Q

Normal right to left anatomical shunt:

A

carotid and bronchial circulation

62
Q

Abnormal right to left anatomical shunt:

A

atrial-septal defect

63
Q

True or False? The blood that goes through the shunt participates in gas exchange.

A

F

64
Q

How is pulmonary capillary different than systemic?

A

lower pressure

65
Q

How are lung volume and blood pressure affected with left heart failure?

A

increases pulmonary pressure, lung volume increase, lungs blood pressure increases, increases capillary pressure

66
Q

Increase in venous pressure and increase in arterial pressure

A

lots of filtration, lung will fill with fluids, can’t exchange oxygen and patient dies. (changes in pulmonary edema)

67
Q

loss of plasma proteins:

A

decreases oncotic pressure, starvation, increase permeability - fire-hot air, bacterial toxins - toxic shock syndrome

68
Q

What would a pulmonary embolism lead to?

A

alveolar dead space

69
Q

What can cause hypoxia?

A

decreased fraction of inspired oxygen (suffocation, high altitude), hyperventilation, decrease blood flow past alveoli, thickening of alveolar/capillary membrane, right to left shunt (without getting oxygenated)

70
Q

Anatomic shunt:

A

atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect

71
Q

Physiological shunt:

A

ventilation to perfusion mismatch, (alveoli usually filled with pus or fluid)

72
Q

Most common hypoxia:

A

V - Q mismatch (pulmonary edema or infection)

73
Q

What makes up the physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical + Alveolar dead space

74
Q

How much anatomical dead space does the average person have?

A

150ml

75
Q

What % of the air in the normal person is wasted?

A

30%

76
Q

What % of the total blood volumes is in the pulmonary circulation?

A

10% (50mL)

77
Q

mL of blood in the alveolar-capillary network:

A

75mL

78
Q

How much time is required for a passing red blood cell for full saturation?

A

1 sec

79
Q

Surface area of the microcirculation:

A

70 m^2 (tennis court)

80
Q

Bronchial circulation returns what % of cardiac output?

A

1%

81
Q

Which can have less perfusion, lungs or muscles?

A

muscles

82
Q

Why can perfusion to muscles be less than the lungs?

A

because of the lower resistance

83
Q

How much less pulmonary vascular resistance is there than systemic?

A

10 times less

84
Q

How much of a pressure drop is there with every 1 cm increase in height in pulmonary blood flow/

A

0.74 mHg or 5 cm

85
Q

Is there more blood in apex or base of heart?

A

apex

86
Q

True or False? If perfusion goes to apex, there will be no interface for exchange.

A

T

87
Q

How will every 1 cm decrease in height effect pressure in the pulmonary system?

A

3.7 mm Hg muscles Waterfall effect

88
Q

Describe hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction;

A

If there is a blockage of the lung (chocking) the alveoli will send a signal that there is not enough oxygen, leading to vasoconstriction of the arterioles. Blood will flow much more to the other side of the heart.

89
Q

Is too much oxygen dangerous to the lungs?

A

yes

90
Q

How is NO content altered with Increased airflow?

A

increases NO release

91
Q

Why is NO released when there is higher blood flow

A

to lower resistane of arterioles

92
Q

NO modifies the resistance to what?

A

higher flow rate of blood or gas, acts in both pulmonary and vascular systems

93
Q

What neurotransmitter controls arterial vasoconstriction/

A

norepinephrine - alpha receptors

94
Q

True or False? Ventilation and perfusion are distributed evenly throughout the lungs.

A

F

95
Q

Pulmonary capillaries can can go from ___mL at rest up to _ mL.

A

75mL, 200mL

96
Q

Functions of lung perfusion

A

reoxygenate blood and dispense CO2, fluid balance in lung, distribute metabolic products to and from the lungs

97
Q

How do pulmonary arteries compare to systemic arteries?

A

less muscular and more compliant

98
Q

What does the fact that the pulmonary arteries are less muscular and more compliant allow for?

A

lower resistance and pressure

99
Q

Factors that affect blood flow (perfuson) through the lungs:

A

pulmonary vascular resistance, gravity, alveolar pressure, arterial to venous pressure gradient

100
Q

Mean pressure of __ in the pulmonary arteries

A

14 mm Hg

101
Q

True or False? systemic flow = pulmonary flow

A

T

102
Q

Is there a lower pressure gradient in the pulmonary system or the arterial?

A

pulmonary

103
Q

Is a left to right shunt favored or a right to left shunt?

A

left to right

104
Q

Highest to lowest pressure above the heart: arterial, alveolar, venous?

A

alveolar, then arterial, then venous

105
Q

Highest to lowest pressure at level of heart: arterial, alveolar, venous?

A

arterial, alveolar, venous

106
Q

Highest to lowest pressure below heart: arterial, alveolar, venous?

A

arterial, venous, alveolar

107
Q

Which portion of the lungs has the highest transmural pressure, the top, the middle, or the bottom?

A

bottom, distends vessels, high perfusion

108
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher volume?

A

bottom

109
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher V dot A?

A

bottom

110
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher Q dot?

A

bottom

111
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher V dot A/ Q dot?

A

top (apex)

112
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher PO2?

A

bottom

113
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher PCO2?

A

bottom

114
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher p H?

A

top

115
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher O2?

A

bottom

116
Q

Does the top or bottom of the lung have a higher CO2?

A

bottom

117
Q

How many times greater is the V dot A in the bottom of the lungs than the top?

A

3.4 times

118
Q

How many times greater is the V dot A/ Q in the bottom of the lungs than the top?

A

18 times

119
Q

Vol in apex is (greater than/less than) mid region.

A

less than

120
Q

What decreases at a greater rate when going from the bottom of the lungs to the top, ventilation or perfusion?

A

perfusion

121
Q

Shape of V dot A/ Q dot graph:

A

right half of a shallow “U”

122
Q

poor VA/Q means what?

A

arterial hypoxemia

123
Q

Total flow is __ and alveolar flow is __.

A

5, 4

124
Q

Normal VA/Q:

A

0.8

125
Q

When does the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference increase?

A

with age and in lung disease

126
Q

What % of cardiac output is shunt?

A

2-3%

127
Q

Which is higher, alveolar or arterial PO2?

A

alveolar

128
Q

PO2 less than 80:

A

arterial hypoxemia

129
Q

PO2 less than 60:

A

Hypoxia

130
Q

PCO2 above 40:

A

Hypercapnia

131
Q

PCO2 less than 35:

A

hypocpnia

132
Q

How is inspired O2 affected with an anatomical shunt?

A

it’s not

133
Q

Is ventilation normal, high, or low with a physiological shunt?

A

low

134
Q

is blood flow normal, high, or low with a physiological shunt?

A

normal

Physiology (55 decks)

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