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Physiology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

These increase neuronal surface for synaptic contact:

A

dendrites

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2
Q

Where do afferent axons synapse in CNS?

A

nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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3
Q

T or F? Input to neurons in the CNS is always excitatory.

A

F. either

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4
Q

Small protrusions off of dendrites:

A

spine

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5
Q

Is the shaft synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

either

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6
Q

Is the spine synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

only excitatory

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7
Q

Is the somatic synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

mainly inhibitory

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8
Q

Is the axoaxonic synapse excitatory, inhibitory, or either?

A

inhibitory

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9
Q

This type of synapse is prevalent in CNS during development - less so in adult CNS:

A

Electrical

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10
Q

This type of synapse is the only mode of transmission bw cardia and smooth muscle cells:

A

electrical

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11
Q

What are electrical synapses found in mature neurons?

A

in interneuronal connections

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12
Q

The synaptic efficacy of this/these type(s) of synapse can be modulated;

A

chemical

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13
Q

A molecule must be under ____ Daltons to pass through a GAP jucntion:

A

1000

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14
Q

Coupling bw cell connected via GAP junctions is both:

A

electrical and metabolic

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15
Q

T or F? The CNS ECM in the synaptic clefts.

A

F. No ECM

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16
Q

Which are narrower, clefts of the NMJ or clefts of the CNS synapse?

A

CNS synapse (no ECM)

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17
Q

Which has a greater postsynaptic density, excitatory or inhibitor bouton?

A

excitatory

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18
Q

What anchors transmitter receptor and intracellular signaling machinery in excitatory synapse?

A

prominent postsynaptic density

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19
Q

This type of vesicle recycling is involved in high frequency firing:

A

Kiss-and-run fusion

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20
Q

2 types of vesicle recycling:

A

Kiss-and-run and fusion and collapse

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21
Q

Step in competence maturation of fusion vesicles:

A

docked, primed, cocked, armed

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22
Q

What is required for vesicle docking?

A

Ca binds to receptor and changes conformation

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23
Q

What is the fusion event mediated by?

A

snare proteins

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24
Q

This snare protein is on the vesicle membrane:

A

V-snare

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25
Q

This snare protein is on the target membrane:

A

T snare

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26
Q

These are targets of botulinum:

A

SNARE proteins

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27
Q

V-snare:

A

synaptobrevin

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28
Q

T-snare:

A

syntaxin and SNAP-25

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29
Q

Calcium sensor:

A

synaptotagmin

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30
Q

T or F? Once a vesicle is armed it can go either pathway, Kiss-and-run or fusion and collapse.

A

T

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31
Q

This type of vesicle recycling has a readily releasable pool:

A

Kiss-and-Run

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32
Q

What happens if SNARE proteins encounter botulin toxin?

A

fusion and exocytosis is prevented, blocking transmission

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33
Q

T or F? The whole vesicle is collapsed in both Kiss-and-run and fusion and collapse.

A

F. Not in Kiss-and-run

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34
Q

2 major classes of ion channels:

A

voltage and ion gated

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35
Q

Where does neurotransmitter bind in order for a channel to open?

A

to a receptor on the ion channel

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36
Q

Are “fast neurotransmitters” used with ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, or either?

A

ligand-gated

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37
Q

Are “slow neurotransmitters” used with ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, or either?

A

either

38
Q

This type of neurotransmitter mediates synaptic transmission:

A

“fast neurotransmitters”

39
Q

This type of neurotransmitter modulates synaptic transmission:

A

“slow neurotransmitters”

40
Q

Do GPCRs act with “slow neurotransmitters” or “fast neurotransmitters?”

A

“slow neurotransmitters”

41
Q

T or F? Ligand-gated ion channels are metabotropic.

A

F Ionotropic

42
Q

Are GPCRs ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

43
Q

What does the G-protein bind to once activated?

A

effector protein

44
Q

This type of neurotransmitter can trigger a 2nd msg pathway and regulate phosphorylation:

A

“slow neurotransmitter”

45
Q

2 major families of ligand-gated channels:

A
  1. Glutamate receptors

2. GABA (inhibitory - CNS), ACh, Glycine (check)

46
Q

Where are both the ligand binding domain and the C terminal located with ACh, GABA, and glycine receptors?

A

extracellularly

47
Q

Where is the C terminal located in glutamate receptors?

A

intracellularly

48
Q

How many subunits do GABA, ACh, and Glycine have?

A

5 subunits, each w/ 4 trans domains

49
Q

How many subunits do glutamate receptors have?

A

4 subunits, each w/ 3 transmembrane domains

50
Q

How many binding sites does the glutamate receptors have?

A

2, N terminal and 3rd and 4th exc loop

51
Q

Where is the C terminal of the glutamate channel located?

A

intracellularly

52
Q

What helps anchor the glutamate receptor, providing stability and mobility of the receptors?

A

proteins at postsynaptic site

53
Q

Major NT in the CNS for excitation:

A

glutamate

54
Q

Major NT at the NMJ:

A

ACh

55
Q

What ends the action of NT(glutamate) in the CNS?

A

reuptake by terminals glial cells

56
Q

Glutamatergic receptor types:

A

AMPA and NMDA (agonists)

57
Q

T or F? AMPA and NMDA are both antagonists.

A

F. agonists

58
Q

AMPA

A
  1. permeable to Na and K

2. EPSP

59
Q

NMDA

A
  • permeable to Na, K and Ca
  • complicated IC signaling
  • EPSP
  • blocked by Mg
60
Q

Mg removal:

A

via depolarization

61
Q

NMDA activation:

A
  • presynaptic activation (release T)

- postsynaptic activation (remove Mg)

62
Q

glutamate receptors

A
  • ionotropic: AMPAR and NMDAR, have intrinsic channels

- metabotropic: g-coupled

63
Q

AMPAR:

A

fast transmission

64
Q

NMDAR:

A
  • coincidence detector
  • regulate synaptic plasticity
  • key player in learning
65
Q

glycine:

A
  • co-agonist for NMDA to open channel fully

- increase conductance

66
Q

PCP:

A
  • antagonist for NMDA receptor

- binding site

67
Q

Hebb’s rule:

A

learning and memory depend on neurons modifications

68
Q

excitotoxicity:

A

excessive inflow of Ca through NMDAR channels

69
Q

glutamate pathway:

A

released -> bind at postsynaptic -> channels activated -> Na/K flux -> uptaken by excitatory AA transporters on glial cells -> becomes glutamine -> back to nerve terminal -> conversion

70
Q

EAAT:

A

uptakes 90% of glutamate

71
Q

GABA:

A

inhibitory in CNS

72
Q

GABA:

A

termination reuptake by terminals and glial cells

73
Q

glycinergic receptors

A
  • postsynaptic in spinal cord and brain

- antagonist

74
Q

GABAergic receptors

A
  • postsynaptic in brain
  • ionotropic
  • antagonist
75
Q

antagonist

A

block inhibitory signal -> potential very - -> hyperpolarization

76
Q

GABA receptors binding sites

A
  • for GABA
  • for steroids: modulators
  • for barbiturates: anesthetics
77
Q

glutamate receptors location (AMPAR, NMDAR)

A
  • postsynaptic densities

- dendritic spines and shafts (distal)

78
Q

GABA receptors location

A
  • soma (AP trigger zone)
  • proximal dendrites
  • limited inhibitory transmission so better location
79
Q

EPSP

A

due to Na influx

80
Q

IPSP

A

due to Cl influx

81
Q

motoneuron

A
  • 1 cell body with many dendrites
  • dendrites serve as input segments
  • 1 axon = 1 output
82
Q

motoneuron synapse distribution

A
  • 80% on dendrites

- 20% on cell body

83
Q

divergence of motoneuron axon branches

A

governed by size of motor unit

84
Q

glutamergic input

A

excitatory

85
Q

GABAergic input

A

inhibitory

86
Q

ACh release

A
  • excitatory

- control of contraction

87
Q

Patella tendon reflex pathway

A
  • stretch stimulus -> stretch receptor in extensor muscle -> afferent activated -> excitatory monosynaptic and inhibitory disynaptic activated
88
Q

excitatory monosynaptic

A
  • extensor contraction stimulated
  • release glutamate
  • EPSP, stimulate dorsal root
89
Q

inhibitory disynaptic

A
  • flexor contraction prevented
  • interneuron innervates motorneuron
  • release glycine
  • IPSP, stimulate posterior root
90
Q

5 subunit ligand-gated channel

A
  • NAChR, GABA R
  • inhibitory in CNS
  • each subunit = 4 TM
  • C terminal is EC
91
Q

4 subunit ligand-gated channel

A
  • glutamate R
  • excitatory
  • 3 TM with IC loop
  • C terminal is IC

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