Section 3 Lecture 3

Question 1

Regions of the brain involved in the control of voluntary moves:

Answer 1

MC, BG, and cerebellum

Question 2

Classes of voluntary movements:

Answer 2

Self initiated (BG) , stimulus-triggered (cerebellum, cortex), learned (cerebellum and cortex)

Question 3

Issues in the MC can lead to:

Answer 3

m. tone abnormalities

Question 4

Issue in the cerebellum can lead to:

Answer 4

Loss of coordination

Question 5

What type of voluntary movement is the BG connected to?

Answer 5

Self-initiated

Question 6

Symptoms of lesion of the motor system:

Answer 6

paralysis (SC), involuntary movements(BG), absence/slowness of movement (BG), uncoordinated movement (cere), m. tone abnormalities (MC, BG)

Question 7

Which cortical area is connected to movements of eyes?

Answer 7

2 located elsewhere (eye fields and supplemental eye fields (4,6,8,9)

Question 8

What cortical area is connected to speech?

Answer 8

1

Question 9

Weirnicke’s area is involved in:

Answer 9

Auditory-language

Question 10

4 areas for movement of limbs and body:

Answer 10

1. area 4, primary motor cortex
   
   2. Dorsal premotor cortex (area 6)
   3. Ventral premotor (area 6)
   4. Supplementary motor area (SMA; area 6)

Question 11

Are all areas related to movements connected?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

All areas related to movements receive input from where?

Answer 12

thalamus

Question 13

All areas related to movements contribute axons to what tract?

Answer 13

the corticospinal tract so they are all involved in the initiation of moves

Question 14

Which one of the 4 areas of movement can participate in the initiation of moves?

Answer 14

All 4

Question 15

giant pyramidalneurons in the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex:

Answer 15

Betz cells

Question 16

Primary motor cortex is area:

Answer 16

4

Question 17

Term used for dividing the brain based on strucure:

Answer 17

Cytoarchitectonics

Question 18

Main role of area 4:

Answer 18

control of hands and fingers

Question 19

Seizure focus:

Answer 19

where seizure start, tx epilepsy by removing specific areas

Question 20

From where does the brain get its pain innnervation?

Answer 20

no pain innervation

Question 21

Eloquent cortex:

Answer 21

important to fxns

Question 22

Silent cortex:

Answer 22

no m. contractions or sensory exp elicited from electrical stimulation

Question 23

T or F? Area 4 is the only part of the motor system that is involved in motor skills.

Answer 23

F

Question 24

Lesions to MC doesn’t cause:

Answer 24

paralysis, involuntary movements (s.c.), or ataxic movements, inability toe generate independent finger movements (getting raisin out of hole)

Question 25

Lesions of MC are typically a result of:

Answer 25

injury, not disease (except ALS)

Question 26

After a lesion of the MC which will recover voluntary movements faster, the legs or hands and arms?

Answer 26

the legs

Question 27

T or F? Lesion to the MC causes paralysis.

Answer 27

F.

Question 28

T or F? Lesion to the MC causes involuntary movements.

Answer 28

F.

Question 29

T or F? Lesion to the MC causes ataxic movements.

Answer 29

F.

Question 30

Disease leading to injury in the MC:

Answer 30

ALS

Question 31

T or F? All wiring is completed by the age of 5.

Answer 31

F. There is a lot of plasticity in cortical organization past this age

Question 32

Amputate 2 fingers:

Answer 32

the map reorganizes and deafferented regions receive input from neighboring body parts

Question 33

Increased use of a muscle can lead to:

Answer 33

reorganization, important for PT

Question 34

The (younger/older) you are, the more plasticity the cortex has (more reorganization possible)

Answer 34

younger

Question 35

What can lead to reorganizations or expansions of the cortical map?

Answer 35

Specific behavioral tasks

Question 36

Area 6:

Answer 36

ventral and dorsal premotor cortex

Premotor (dorsal and ventral) cortex and supplementary area (these are 3 areas)

Question 37

Ongoing sensory info:

Answer 37

Premotor (d and v)

Question 38

Supp area:

Answer 38

involved in motor planning, organization of a sequence of commands (bimanual

Question 39

coordination:

Answer 39

tasks in which both hands are active but the movements in each are different)

Question 40

Pattern generator:

Answer 40

rhythmic, repetitive movements

Question 41

SMA:

Answer 41

Overlearned, practiced movements

Question 42

Inability to generate skilled moves:

Answer 42

apraxia

Question 43

SMA damage only:

Answer 43

cognitively intact, could not coordinate brushing of teeth. Understood task, but could not do it

Question 44

Simple movements light up this portion of the brain:

Answer 44

Primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex (sensory feedback required)

Question 45

Complex movements light up this part of the brain:

Answer 45

activity in MC, Somatosensory cortex and SMA as well

Question 46

Mental rehearsal of a complex movement lights up this part of the brain:

Answer 46

no movement, mental rehearsal of task only, don’t do it, nothing in motor or SSC, but still activity in SMA

Question 47

ALS stands for:

Answer 47

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“Lou Gehrig’s Disease”)

Question 48

What results to ALS in the cellular level?

Answer 48

Loss of trophic factors to mm.

Question 49

What sex is affected by ALS more and typical age of onset:

Answer 49

Onset of ALS: 40s-50s, more men

Question 50

What is the prevalence of a disease related to?

Answer 50

The longer you live with a disorder, the higher the prevalence

Question 51

CTE:

Answer 51

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 52

ALS does not affect:

Answer 52

cognition, sensory input, or affective

Gradual loss of control, death by resp failure win 3-5yrs of diagnosis, Dr. assisted suicide

Question 53

What kind of disease is the variat of ALS that Stephen Hawking have:

Answer 53

MN disease

Question 54

Cause of ALS:

Answer 54

upper and lower MNs and their axons die (ie, pyramidal tract, aka corticospinal tract)
Ventral horn and s.c. axons also die

Question 55

Specific sets of cells affected:

Answer 55

UMN and LMN(?)