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Physiology > Section 3 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Section 3 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Antigravity mm., extensor sor flexors?

A

extensors

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2
Q

elimination fo unwanted moves at a j:

A

postural fixation (necessary for useful moves)

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3
Q

T or F? Rods fxn in lower light levels and mediate color vision.

A

F. don’t mediate color vision (they do fxn in lower light levels)

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4
Q

Is an agonist a flexor or extensor?

A

Can be either

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5
Q

What do diffs in the desc control of flexors and extensors reflect?

A

The role of the extensors in resisting gravity

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6
Q

Parameters of m. action (diff properties of mm.):

A

Force, resistance to fatigue, speed of contraction, fineness of control (small changes in force, small changes in joint angle)

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7
Q

What parameters of m. action result solely from the structure of m.?

A

Force, resistance to fatigue, speed of contraction

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8
Q

Does fineness of control result from the structure of the m. or the pattern of innervation of m.?

A

both

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9
Q

T or F? The pattern of innervation affects the force of contraction a m. can generate.

A

F

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10
Q

T or F? The pattern of innervation affects the resistance to fatigue of a m.

A

F

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11
Q

T or F? The pattern of innervation affects the speed of contraction of a m.

A

F.

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12
Q

T or F? The pattern of innervation affect the fineness of control of a m.

A

T

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13
Q

White m., fast or slow twitch?

A

Fast (FF and FR)

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14
Q

Slow twitch, red or white meat?

A

red m.

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15
Q

Fibers that are fast, more resistant to fatigue, and create a large force:

A

FR fibers

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16
Q

Fast, fatiguable, large force, fast contraction time, fatigue readily:

A

FF fibers

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17
Q

Can you increase the number of m. fibers or change the fiber type with training?

A

No, properties of individual fibers are changed

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18
Q

Which fibers are most resistant to fatigue?

A

slow twitch

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19
Q

Antigravity mm. require higher % of what fiber type?

A

S fibers

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20
Q

T or F? Every m. is composed of a mixture of the fiber types.

A

T

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21
Q

Cell bodies of alpha MNs are located here:

A

ventral horn

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22
Q

Are a-MNs my or non-my?

A

My

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23
Q

What are the bigger and slower conducting fibers?

A

aMN have large axons

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24
Q

LMNs and spinal MNs are all:

A

a-MN

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25
Q

How many m. fibers does each axon innervate?

A

2-1000’s

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26
Q

What determines how many fibers are inn by a MN?

A

The size of the MN

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27
Q

T or F? In any give MN pool, MN vary in size (physical size of cell).

A

T

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28
Q

All MN’s innervating a particular m.:

A

the MN pool

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29
Q

How are the MN of a MN pool distributed?

A

over several cord segments

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30
Q

T or F? There is a direct correlation bw the size of the MN and the number of fibers it innervates.

A

T

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31
Q

What do MNs release?

A

trophic factors, needed for healthy mm., regulate the survival of neurons

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32
Q

Can the axon of a MN live if the MN dies?

A

No, death, then atrophy (Pola/ALS) bc it is no longe getting trophic or growth factors

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33
Q

What does ALS stand for?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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34
Q

Full name of polio:

A

poliomyelitis

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35
Q

What kind of infection is polio?

A

viral

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36
Q

How is polio spread?

A

human to human contact, highly contagious

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37
Q

Where in the world is polio still present?

A

Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan

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38
Q

Polio hasn’t been in the US since:

A

about 1979

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39
Q

What happens in Lou Gherig’s disease?

A

death of a-MN (spinal/lower) and death of cells in MC whose axons descend in the CST

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40
Q

2 symptoms of the death of LMNs:

A

fasciculations (spont m. twitching as parent cell is dying) and m. atrophy

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41
Q

How many inputs does each m. fiber get?

A

One and only one

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42
Q

T or F? A single neuron in the brain can get info from many, many inputs

A

T

43
Q

Unit of action of the motor system:

A

motor unit

44
Q

How do the m. fibers in a single MU vary?

A

They don’t

45
Q

Which has larger MUs, FF fibers or S fibers?

A

FF fibers

46
Q

How are the m. fibers in a single MU arranged?

A

Scattered about in the m.

47
Q

Which has smaller MUs, FF fibers or S fibers?

A

S (for Smaller)

48
Q

4 properties of larger MN’s:

A

more force, faster response, faster to fatigue, innervates more fibers

49
Q

T or F? The MUs that innervate any given m. are all of the same size.

A

F. diff sizes

50
Q

MU’s involved in fine control are:

A

smaller (smaller force increment than a larger unit)

51
Q

T or F? The average MU size varies among mm..

A

T

52
Q

Size principle:

A

MUs are recruited in order of increasing size, smaller recruited first and larger recruited last

53
Q

S fibers are 1st/last recruited and the 1st/last to drop out.

A

1st, last

54
Q

What allows for optimal adjustment of force increments when using a given m.?

A

Size principle: slow fibers which are fatigue resistant are in use more of the time.

55
Q

2 kinds of feedback information from m:

A

muscle force (GTO) and muscle length (m. spindle receptor)

56
Q

2 types of info spindles give you:

A

maintained length (even when constant length) and dynamic info, the info you get when m. length is changing.

57
Q

What is the freq of AP generation related to in feedback info from a m.?

A

the change of m. length

58
Q

How are m. spindle fibers arranged in relation to extrafusal fibers?

A

In parallel

59
Q

Are m. spindles are found in every m. of the body?

A

yes

60
Q

What would a higher density of m. spindles indicate about a m.?

A

That m. is used for fine control mm.

61
Q

What is a m. spindle?

A

a CT sheath containing 2-12 intrafusal fibers

62
Q

Describe intrafusal fibers:

A

ends contract, centers don’t

63
Q

Describe extrafusal fibers:

A

the whole fiber contracts

64
Q

2 types of intrafusal fibers:

A

nuclear bag fibers (all nuclei of the cell are in a central bag-like region) an nuclear chain fibers (nuclei are lined up in a straight line)

65
Q

Nuclear bag fibers:

A

rate of change of m. length

66
Q

Nuclear chain fibers:

A

maintained or unchanged m. length (static)

67
Q

2 types of sensory fibers for axons that send info from spindles into the M system in s.c.:

A

cell bodies in DRG, axons run to periphery and inn. m. spindles

68
Q

Group Ia afferent fibers:

A

muscle spindle fibers (to detect change in length)

69
Q

Group II afferent fibers

A

nuclear chain fibers (to signal maintained or unchanged length)

70
Q

T or F? Intrafusal m. fibers contract from the center of the fiber.

A

F. form the poles

71
Q

Can conduction velocity change?

A

Yes, ie. with diabetic neuropathy

72
Q

Every single IF fiber in the spindle, end as annulospinal endings (primary endings) and convey:

A

dynamic and static info

73
Q

Group II fibers:

A

only nuc. chain, 2ndary or flower spray endings, only static info

74
Q

Where are the cell bodies for all sensory fibers?

A

DRG

75
Q

Which are both larger and faster, Group Ia or Group II?

A

Group Ia

76
Q

Sensory fibers are classified with letters/numbers while skin fibers are classified with letters/numbers.

A

Number, Letter

77
Q

How is diabetic neuropathy assessed?

A

by measuring conduction velocities

78
Q

Chx pox and shingles viruses can lie dormant for decades here:

A

DRG

79
Q

M. spindles are stretch receptors, explain how they work.

A

stretching leads to mechanical depolarization

80
Q

What is the importance of the m. spindle being aligned in parallel with EF fibers?

A

if stretched, APs can be formed (check)

81
Q

Primary vs Secondary sensory innervation of spindle.

A

both Ia and II fiber innervation vs. only II fibers innervated

82
Q

Which fibers form primary or annulospiral endings, Ia or II?

A

Ia

83
Q

T or F? Ia fibers convey both dynamic and static info.

A

T

84
Q

T or F? Both Ia and II fibers convey static info.

A

T

85
Q

Which fibers form secondary or flower spray endings, Ia or II?

A

II

86
Q

T or F? Group II fibers convey both dynamic and static info.

A

F static only

87
Q

What initiates cell depolarization in Group II fibers?

A

stretch

88
Q

Spindles during contraction:

A

m. gets shorter, spindle does not change length, spindle goes slack, no stretch on spindle, no stimulus to depolarize sensory axons, no AP generation

89
Q

Solution to m. contracting and the m. spindle remaining slack:

A

M innervation of contractile poles of intrafusal fibers (the poles of the spindle will contract) This allows for parallel contraction.

90
Q

How to send signals to the poles:

A

gamma motor neurons, fusimotor

91
Q

Cell bodies for gamma MNs are in:

A

the ventral horn

92
Q

Alpha MNs innervate:

A

intrafusal fibers

93
Q

Gamma MNs innervate:

A

extrafusal fibers

94
Q

What fraction of gamma MN’s in s.c are not alpha MNs?

A

1/3 (check)

95
Q

Can we consciously activate g-MNs or a-MN’s?

A

No, automatic adjustments, out of conscious control

96
Q

The bodies of g-MNs lie:

A

in the ventral horn, same as a-MN’s

97
Q

What do g-MNs innervate?

A

the contractile poles of intrafusal fibers, both bag and chain

98
Q

How does our body work in terms of a- and g-MNs?

A

they are co-activated

99
Q

How is the GTO attached in relation to the muscle tendon?

A

in series

100
Q

GTO:

A

collagen basket and there is S inn. from 1b fibers. Same gen. anatomical plan.

101
Q

When is the GTO active?

A

over the entire range of tensions that a m. can generate, not just at the extremes

102
Q

What does the M.S. respond to?

A

gets info about length and force of m. and uses that info to correct info going out to that m.

103
Q

How would an increase in force cause the channels to open on the fibers and create an AP?

A

in m. the collagen F’s crunch down on S axons and trigger the AP

Physiology (55 decks)

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