Review

Question 1

Growth hormone increases

Answer 1

blood glucose levels, (stimulates insulin release)

Question 2

Some insulin resistance is due to:

Answer 2

Growth hormone, not as strong as cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine (stronger to shut down glucose uptake by skeletal muscle)

Question 3

Peripheral effect of growth hormone:

Answer 3

stimulate uptake of amino acids, not stimulating glucose uptake in muscle (sonnet to insult) energy comes from the free fatty acids from, lipolysis, shifting skeletal muscle from glucose to other sources

Question 4

IGF1 targets:

Answer 4

everything, drives growth, differentiation, hypertrophy of tissues, bigger, longer, (insulin and IGF generally do that)

Question 5

Vascular side of ADH:

Answer 5

stimulates peripheral vasoconstriction, fluid into plasma, effects at low dose lower on cardiovascular side, first kidney to reabsorb water, then as the stimulus increases the cardiovascular kicks in more and more. Slit wrist, major stimulus

Question 6

Basal state of prolactin:

Answer 6

not secreting prolactin because of tonic inhibition by dopamine

Question 7

2 ways to stimulate prolactin

Answer 7

stop dopamine inhibition, TRH, and other factors

Question 8

PRH action:

Answer 8

dopamine signal is stronger, also maintains lactotroph number and activity

Question 9

True or False? Lactotroph has an inherent drive.

Answer 9

T.

Question 10

Lactotroph preparation before birth:

Answer 10

inhibition of prolactin secretion, increase cell numbers to prepare to secrete milk after birth (estrogen and progesterone also inhibit (PRH effect, inhibit release, drive genomic machinery to increase number and size of lactotrophs)

Question 11

Dopamine =

Answer 11

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

Question 12

Somatostatin inhibition:

Answer 12

delta cells in the pancreas, inhibit glucagon from both alpha and beta cells

Question 13

Calcitonin:

Answer 13

decreases activity of osteoclasts, help excrete more calcium and phosphate (from C cells in thyroid)

Question 14

Inhibition of what hormones allow release of milk after birth?

Answer 14

estrogen and progesterone

Question 15

Why does Growth hormone get inhibited with high carbohydrates levels?

Answer 15

Growth hormone increases blood glucose levels, if the levels are already high, there is negative feedback to decrease growth hormone release

Question 16

Why does arginine upregulate growth hormone production

Answer 16

high protein meal will have this effect, arginine is just the most potent of the amino acids.

Question 17

Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone:

Answer 17

at the interface of the apical membrane, iodide simperer to increase uptake, thyroglobulin made in cell, as iodide is being transported out

Question 18

True or False? An iodide free radical is formed in thyroid hormone formation.

Answer 18

F. I zero

Question 19

True or False? MSH comes out of a partial ACTH fragment.

Answer 19

T

Question 20

What leasds to high ACTH?

Answer 20

adrenal cortex destruction (no cortisol to feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit ACTH production)

Question 21

high ACTH and no cortisol:

Answer 21

MSH may cause oral pigmentation

Question 22

Endorphins are aka:

Answer 22

opioids (hydrocodones, heroins, etc.)

Question 23

All hormones from anterior pituitary gland are derivatives of:

Answer 23

peptides

Question 24

TSH is an amino acids derivative.

Answer 24

T

Question 25

How is the placenta delivered?

Answer 25

eschemia because of blood vessels contraction due to oxytocin, this also prevents hemorrhage after birth

Question 26

True or False? Oxytocin is involved in breast feeding.

Answer 26

T. Released as part of the let down reflex. Contraction of myoepithelial cells to release milk, prolactin stimulated in the background, driving epithelial cells to make more milk, oxytocin goes to uterus after labor, and continues to squeeze on myometrium of uterus