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Physiology > Section 5 Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Section 5 Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

% of blood made of red blood cell:

A

45%

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2
Q

How many grams of Hb per 100 ml of blood?

A

15 grams % (15% of blood volume is hemoglobin

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3
Q

1 gm of hemoglobin maximally binds to __ ml of O2

A

1.34

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4
Q

% Aterial O2 content in blood:

A

20%

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5
Q

How is hemoglobin bound?

A

chemically

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6
Q

Signal that we have low hemoglobin and response:

A

hypoxia, response is to produce erythropeoitin to increase red blood cell generation

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7
Q

2 forms of blood doping:

A

inject EPO or lower the inspired O2 pressure (less barometric pressure)

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8
Q

Percent of O2 dissolved in plamsa:

A

less than 2%

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9
Q

from where is oxygen for cellular respiration attained?

A

bound to hemoglobin or free in plasma

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10
Q

True or False? Oxygen and carbon monoxide bind different sites of the hemoglobin.

A

F. same site

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11
Q

Fetal hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

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12
Q

True or False? Fetal hemoglobin binds O2 more tightly than adult.

A

T

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13
Q

True or False? CO2 flux is reversible at the lung

A

T

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14
Q

What does CO2 form in the red blood cell?

A

carboxyhemoglobin, then combines with water to produce H2Co3, combines with hydrgen to form bicarbonate

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15
Q

How is bicarbonate removed from the red blood cell?

A

chloride exchange/shift

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16
Q

What does CO2 combine with in the plasma

A

water and carbonic acid

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17
Q

What enzyme increases the rate of formation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

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18
Q

% of CO2 transport as HCO3 in plasma:

A

70%

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19
Q

venous temperature

A

38 (not 37)

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20
Q

pH in the tissues vs the plasma

A

7.38 vs. 7.40

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21
Q

Effects of shunt on O2 and CO2 exchange:

A

CO2 is normal, O2 exchange is inhibited

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22
Q

Hemoglobin is saturated at __ volumes percent

A

20

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23
Q

What percent of oxygen is dissolved vs bound?

A

2% vs 98%

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24
Q

PO2 of 40 in the veins is what percent saturated?

A

15% satrurated

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25
Q

PO2 of 100 in the arteries is what percent saturated?

A

100% saturated

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26
Q

difference between CaO2 and CvO2 in volumes percent:

A

5 volumes percent

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27
Q

How are hemoglobin levels and the oxygen dissociation curve effected in anemia?

A

less hemoglobin, oxygen dissociation curve does not change

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28
Q

True or False? Every hemoglobin is saturated in anemic patients

A

T

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29
Q

True or False? less oxygen is delivered to peripheral tissues in patients with anemia.

A

T

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30
Q

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin __ X more than oxygen.

A

200 X more than oxygen

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31
Q

How to treat carbon monoxide poisoning:

A

hyperbaric chamber

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32
Q

If we breathe 100% oxygen we can increases the amount of oxygen up to what %?

A

5 or 6%, but does not correct the oxygen delivery. If binding sites are taken by carbon monoxide this doesn’t matter

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33
Q

What happens if you increase pressure of oxygen and nitrogen?

A

Increases total barometric pressure (check)

34
Q

What type of gas is Ns

A

depression from high P(B)

35
Q

Low oxygen arterial content

A

tissues still takes up same amount of oxygen if…

36
Q

Low venous oxygen content:

A

when it comes back to lungs it is more difficult to raise back up to arterial level

37
Q

Resting oxygen consumption

A

250 ml per minute

38
Q

oxygen consumption = (equation)

A

ventilation X the extraction of oxygen

39
Q

oxygen consumption during exercise:

A

4 L O2/min

40
Q

Cardiac output during exercise:

A

25 L/min

41
Q

Venous content during exercise:

A

decrease three fold

42
Q

How many times higher than normal is oxygen consumption during exercise?

A

15 times

43
Q

reservoir to guard against hypoxia:

A

spleen, low in humans and does not contract very much

44
Q

What animals can store large amounts of hemoglobin:

A

seal, aquatic mammals

45
Q

How can arterial blood be changed from 20% volume?

A

it can’t be

46
Q

High consumption of oxygen

A

PO2 drops to as low as 20 (mixd venous oxygen content of about 15) 20-5 = 15 volumes percent extracted

47
Q

Influences dissociation curve:

A

d

48
Q

modulate the hemoglobin mole

A

conformational change in release of oxygen, high CO2, high Hydrogen, high temperature, all release oxygen at greater rate decreasing Hb O2 and O2 saturation

49
Q

Lower p H will shift the curve in which direction

A

curve shift to the right, more O2 release

50
Q

What causes a left shift in the curve?

A

decrease temperature, decrease PCO2, increase phospholipids, decrease 2,3 BPG

51
Q

Increases tissue metabolism affects temperature PCO2 and pH how?

A

increases temperature, increases PCO2, decreased p H

52
Q

p50:

A

partial pressure at 50% saturation

53
Q

p50 decreased temperature:

A

20

54
Q

p50 at increased temperature:

A

40

55
Q

2,3 BPG

A

intermediate metabolite for anaerobic metabolism

56
Q

If metabolism is completely oxidative how will 2,3 BPG be affected?

A

it will decrease

57
Q

CO2 production is due to:

A

glucose metabolism

58
Q

Respiratory quotient is usually:

A

1

59
Q

Only oxygen store in the body

A

bound to hemoglobin or in solution (20 volumes percent)

60
Q

CO2 storage in body:

A

large, in tissues and blood

61
Q

How does high levels of fee H+ affect the curve?

A

shift to the left

62
Q

normal pH range:

A

7.53 to 7.45

63
Q

P H calculation using HH eq

A

ratio of bicarbonate to PaCO2

64
Q

PaCO2 is a regulator of:

A

pH

65
Q

High CO2 can result in:

A

Co2 poisoning (PaCO2 above 65)

66
Q

High CO2 affect on blood flow

A

reduces blood flow

67
Q

CO2 dissociation curve vs O2:

A

linear, because Co2 is being converted and shuttle out of the cell

68
Q

How does high O2 shift the curve?

A

to the right

69
Q

oxidize fatty acids R =

A

0.7

70
Q

oxidize carbs R =

A

1

71
Q

oxidize protein =

A

0.8

72
Q

R for most people:

A

0.8 -0.85

73
Q

how is R affected when the body is stressed?

A

R goes closer to 1

74
Q

anytime we talk about alveolar gas we have to subtract:

A

water vapor

75
Q

alveolar ventilation changes the PaCo2 which plays an important role in:

A

acid/base balance and control of respiratory system

76
Q

If compliance is decreasing, elastance is (increasing/ decreasing)

A

increasing (meaning stiffer lungs)

77
Q

True or False? increased elastance indicates increased compliance.

A

F. stiffer lungs. elastance and compliance are inversely related

78
Q

Normal compliance on spontaneously breathing healthy adult is approximately:

A

200 ml/cm H2O

79
Q

Which lung pressures remains positive and which remains negative under physiological conditions?

A

transpulmonary pressure: always positive, intrapleural pressure: always negative and large

80
Q

Is emphysema restrive or obstructive?

A

obstructive

81
Q

What does the respiratory ratio represent?

A

Co2 production relative to O2 consumption

Physiology (55 decks)

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