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Physiology > Section 5 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Section 5 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In this type of lung disease, both the FEV1 and FVC are reduced so the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or even increased

A

restrictive

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2
Q

in this type of lung disease the FEV1 /F CV ratio is reduced:

A

obstructive lung disease

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3
Q

All restrictive lung diseases result in:

A

decreased TLC, increased work of breathing, inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation and decreased FVC (restrict lung expansion)

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4
Q

Affect of the respiratory system on prostoglandins:

A

turns off

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5
Q

Affect of respiratory system on angiotensin II:

A

turns it on

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6
Q

inflammation of the pleural sac:

A

pleurisy

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7
Q

Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude?

A

decrease

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8
Q

Intra-alveoloar pressure is aka:

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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9
Q

intrapleural pressure is aka:

A

intrathoracic pressure

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10
Q

What is the intraplural/ thoracic pressure?

A

756 mm Hg

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11
Q

What 2 pressures push against intrapleural pressure?

A

atmospheric and intra-alveolar

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12
Q

Which gradient will be destroyed with a pneumothorax?

A

transmural

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13
Q

The diaphragm is responsible for __% of enlargement of thoracic cavity during inspiration.

A

75%

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14
Q

What 2 pressures are equal before inspiration/

A

intra-alveolar p. = atm. p.

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15
Q

Contraction of external intercostals enlarges cavity in what direction(s)?

A

lateral and AP (elevate ribs when contracting)]

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16
Q

True or False? Alveolar pressure is positive during inhalation and negative during expiration.

A

F. vice versa

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17
Q

What ensures that lungs will be fully expanded?

A

intrapleural pressure

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18
Q

Range of pressure in lungs during ventilation:

A

759 - 761 mm Hg

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19
Q

During forceful expiration, ___ pressure exceeds ___ pressure

A

intrapleural, atmospheric pressure (intra-alveolar increases too)

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20
Q

driving pressure is proportional to:

A

square of flow (V2)

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21
Q

What type of infections are patients with chronic bronchitis prone to?

A

bacterial

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22
Q

True or False? Airway lining thicken with chronic bronchitis.

A

T

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23
Q

Most common chronic childhood disease:

A

asthma

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24
Q

What can cause edema in asthmatic kids?

A

histamine

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25
Q

True or False? The breakdown of alveolar walls in emphysema is reversible.

A

F. irreversible

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26
Q

What causes the breakdown of alveolar walls in emphysema?

A

excessive trypsin from alveolar macrophages as defense against cigarette smoke irritants (lungs normally protected by α1-antitrypsin, but can be overwhelmed) OR genetic inability to produce α1-antitrypsin

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27
Q

Do asthma and emphysema start in small or large airways ?

A

small

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28
Q

Frictional resistance in airways accounts for __ % total R in the way to the alveoli.

A

80

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29
Q

Frictional resistance of the ______ makes up 20% total R on the way to the alveoli.

A

lungs and chest wall

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30
Q

Amount of air that gets to alveoli depends on:

A

muscle strength, airway resistance, elasticity/ compliance, and inertence (energy to set the system in motion)

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31
Q

Normal compliance is:

A

200 cm/ml H2O

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32
Q

This is a measure of the amount of change in volume for a given transmural pressure:

A

compliance

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33
Q

Why is compliance different for expiration/inspiration?

A

b/c of surfactant – hysteresis

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34
Q

How is static compliance measured?

A

without airflow

35
Q

How does surfactant lower surface tension at the molecular level?

A

because water-surfactant attraction is not as strong as water-water

36
Q

True or False? Surfactant reduces lung’s tendency to recoil

A

T

37
Q

What does the inward-directed collapsing pressure of the alveolus depend upon?

A

2 times the surface tension divided by the radius of the alveolus

38
Q

____ airways are more likely to collapse than ____ ones

A

smaller, larger

39
Q

Why is surfactant more effective at lowering surface tension in smaller airways?

A

less spread out

40
Q

Which are easier to stretch, saline-filled or air-filled lungs?

A

saline-filled

41
Q

__% of total energy expended by body goes to breathing

A

3-5%, can increase 50-fold in exercise

42
Q

How are intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures affected by tidal volume increase?

A

intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures decrease in direct proportion

43
Q

Normal FEV1/ FVC %:

A

greater than 70%

44
Q

What factors are normal restrictive lung diseases?

A

flow and resistance

45
Q

What factors are decreased in restrictive lung diseases?

A

vital capacity, FEV1, and FVC

46
Q

Causes of restrictive lung diseases:

A

leasions, obesity, pregnancy, ascite, interstitial lung disease

47
Q

Lung volumes below ___% of predicted values are considered restrictive lung diseases.

A

80%

48
Q

Can cause lung volumes to be smaller than predicted:

A

fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis (both increased elastic recoil) and pleural effusion (lung compression)

49
Q

How does increased surface area affect DLCO?

A

reduces it

50
Q

measurement of dissolved tensions of CO2 and O2 as well as pH of sample of arterial blood:

A

Arterial blood gas determination (ABGs)

51
Q

How much can the respiratory (minute) ventilation increase with exercise?

A

25 times (to 150 L/min)

52
Q

How many ml is used for gas exchange?

A

350ml

53
Q

Can alveolar ventilation increase or decrease if respiratory ventilation remains the same?

A

Yes, breath slowly and deeply: alveolar ventilation increases; breath shallowly and rapidly: alveolar ventilation decreases

54
Q

What prevents fluctuation in alveolar gas tensions with each tidal breath?

A

reservoir of gas ‘stored’ within alveoli

55
Q

easy to fill lungs, hard to empty:

A

obstructive lung disease

56
Q

most efficient way to increase alveolar ventilation:

A

Increase tidal volume

57
Q

True or False? Increase respiratory rate and alveolar ventilation increases.

A

T

58
Q

How is dead space affected with an increase in respiratory rate?

A

dead space increases

59
Q

physiologic dead space calculation:

A

sum of anatomical & alveolar dead space

60
Q

Is pleural pressure more negative at top or bottom of the lungs?

A

top

61
Q

True or False? The larger alveoli are at the bottom of the lungs.

A

F. Top

62
Q

Where is there a greater distending pressure for alveoli?

A

at top of lungs

63
Q

Which regions of lung are better perfused, upper or lower?

A

lower

64
Q

Why is the upper lungs less perfused than lower?

A

gravity, hydrostatic pressure gradient of 30 cm water

65
Q

Pressure gradient in which a patient has hemorrhaged (BP, intravascular volume are low):

A

Alveolar > arterial, not in healthy patient

66
Q

Pressure gradient for flow driven by difference between arterial/alveolar pressure; primary area of distension, recruitment of vessels during exercise:

A

arterial > alveolar > vein

67
Q

In which zone does continuous forward flow through distended vessels occur?

A

Zone 3

68
Q

What zone is this? Flow driven by difference between arterial/alveolar pressure; primary area of distension, recruitment of vessels during exercise

A

Zone 2

69
Q

With airways obstruction, will FRC increase or decrease?

A

increase (premature airway closure)

70
Q

What causes pulmonary edema?

A

left heart failure

71
Q

Which form of oxygen in the blood is responsible for partial pressure?

A

dissolved

72
Q

This is often given given post-surgery to boost blood oxygen content:

A

EPO

73
Q

volumes percent of oxygen in blood:

A

20

74
Q

What affect will blood doping have on blood viscosity?

A

increases it (increasing resistance)

75
Q

Factors that would lead to a decreased P50:

A

decreased temperature, decreases CO2 pressure, decreased 2,3-DPG, increased pH

76
Q

Does a decreased P50 correspond with an increased or decreased affinity?

A

increased

77
Q

What shape is the CO2 dissociation curve/

A

linear

78
Q

True or False? Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind the same site.

A

F. high oxygen reduces affinity

79
Q

Parasympathetic affect on the lungs:

A

airway constriction, blood vessels dilation, glandular secretion

80
Q

Does nonadrenergic noncholinergic activation lead to realization or stimulation?

A

stimulation

81
Q

Does nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory activation lead to relaxation or stimulation?

A

relaxation

82
Q

In which direction will the Hb curve shift with a decrease in pH?

A

Right

83
Q

True or False? Oxygen and CO2 bind the same site of hemoglobin.

A

F.

Physiology (55 decks)

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