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Physiology > Section 6 Endochrinology Introduction > Flashcards

Section 6 Endochrinology Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

List glands:

A

pineal gland, anterior pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries, placenta

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2
Q

Hypothalamus, gland or cell?

A

clusters of neurons

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3
Q

Posterior pituitary, gland or cell?

A

Extensions of hypothalamic neurons

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4
Q

List all that belong to the peptide class:

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, anterior pituitary, parathyroid, thymus, heart, liver, stomach and small intestines, pancreas, adipose tissue

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5
Q

List those that are steroids/ peptides:

A

testes, ovaries, placenta

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6
Q

List those that are peptides/ steroids:

A

kindey

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7
Q

List those that are amines:

A

pineal gland, adrenal medulla

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8
Q

List those that are steroids:

A

adrenal cortex, skin

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9
Q

List those that are iodinated amines/ peptides:

A

thyroid

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10
Q

2 sites of hormonal control that feedback to the hypothalamus:

A

Trophic hormone (H2) and Hormone (H3)

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11
Q

To where, besides the hypothalamus does Hormone (H3) feedback?

A

anterior pituitary

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12
Q

Complex polypeptides are composed of more than:

A

20 aa’s

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13
Q

Simple polypeptides are composed of less than:

A

20 aa’s

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14
Q

Amino acid derivatives:

A

single amino acid derivatives, iodothyronines

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15
Q

Cholesterol derivatives:

A

intact steroid nucleus, Vit D

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16
Q

True or False? Both water soluble and water insoluble hormones can be transported in the blood stream.

A

T

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17
Q

Water soluble hormones that can be transported via the blood stream:

A

peptides, amino acids

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18
Q

Water insoluble hormones that can be transported via the blood stream:

A

iodothyronines, cholesterol derivatives

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19
Q

2 types of cholesterol derivatives:

A

specific binding proteins and general binding proteins

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20
Q

Give an example of a specific binding protein:

A

thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

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21
Q

Give an example of a general binding protein:

A

albumin

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22
Q

Which endocrine organ(s) use(s) restricted circulation as its’ delivery method?

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

Which endocrine organ(s) use(s) target cells adjacent to release cells - cell to cell communication as its’ delivery method?

A

Paracrine organs, ie gonads

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24
Q

Different methods of response to hormonal action:

A

specific receptors or local activation (inactivation) of hormone

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25
Q

What is hormone action dependent upon?

A

blood concentration, target cell receptors number, hormone-receptor affinity

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26
Q

Hormone action affects target cell by changing:

A

enzyme activity, proteins synthesis, transport, secretion rate

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27
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms:

A

receptor - transducer - amplifier - messenger

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28
Q

4 pathways of signal transduction:

A

cAMP (intracellular), Phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) turnover (Ca++/ proteins kinase C system), steroid action and intracellular receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors

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29
Q

3 types of cellular interactions:

A

permissive interactions, synergistic interactions, and inhibitory interactions

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30
Q

Example of permissive interactions?

A

without the presence of hormone B, hormone A has littler or no effect. Hormone B is said to have permissive action.

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31
Q

Explain synergistic action:

A

The effect of the two hormone together is greater than the sum of the individual effects force each hormone

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32
Q

Explain inhibitory interactions:

A

action of one hormone opposes the action of a second hormone

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33
Q

Main components of the thyroid gland:

A

follicular cells and colloid

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34
Q

Colloid is aka:

A

thyroglobulin

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35
Q

What surrounds the follicular cells with the colloid center?

A

capsule of connective tissue

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36
Q

What other type of cell is interspersed with the follicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A

C cells

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37
Q

T(4) is:

A

Thyroxine

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38
Q

T(3) is:

A

Triiodothyronine

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39
Q

T(3) and T(4) are both made from:

A

Tyrosine

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40
Q

Roles of iodide:

A

transport, peroxidase, iodination

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41
Q

Path of iodine in the thyroid gland:

A

transported from blood, through cell, to the colloid to combine with thyroglobulin (composed of both T3 and T4, right?), which is then transported in vesicles back into the cell for storage

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42
Q

Actions of Thyroxine:

A

T4 vs. T3 vs. rT3, growth and development, metabolic effects, sympathetic nervous system, temperature regulation

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43
Q

In which parts of the body does thyroxine play a role in growth and development?

A

skeletal system and central nervous system

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44
Q

Metabolic effects of the thyroxine:

A

increased basal metabolic rate (plasma membrane Sodium, K+ - ATPase, increased carbohydrate and fat utilization (demand driven), increased protein synthesis (excess leads to degradation)

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45
Q

Role of thyroxine in the sympathetic nervous system:

A

increased sensitivity to catecholamines

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46
Q

Pathology of the thyroid gland:

A

Hyper/ hypothyroid

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47
Q

What other issues are related to Hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease (auto immune); neoplasm or autonomous nodule

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48
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:

A

high body temperature, excessive sweating, heat intolerant, weight loss, weakness, high heart rate, atrial arrhythmia’s, tremor, nervousness, wide-eyed stare

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49
Q

Issues related to hypothyroidism:

A

Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune; iodine deficiency; ablation; pituitary or hypothalamic deficit; perinatal deficit - cretinism))

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50
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroid:

A

low body temperature, dry skin, cold intolerant, weight gain, puffy appearance, low heart rate, lethargy, sleepiness, lowering of the upper eye-lid, slow speech

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51
Q

Master gland:

A

pituitary gland

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52
Q

Ca++/ pH hoemostasis:

A

parasympatheticthyroid

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53
Q

Steroid factory:

A

adrenal cortex, 10g

54
Q

postganglionic system, extension of sympathetic nervous system:

A

adrenal medulla

55
Q

glucose homeostasis:

A

glucocorticoids, norepinephrine and epinephrine

56
Q

Autonomous endocrine gland:

A

placenta, not controlled by any other tissue

57
Q

End product inhibition:

A

negative feedback mechanism

58
Q

to get to pituitary:

A

roof of mouth to extract adenomas, outputting of brains

59
Q

2 tissues of pituitary gland:

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

60
Q

Projection from hypothalamus

A

d

61
Q

Posterior pituitary produces:

A

oxytocin and ADH (Vasopression)

62
Q

Neural lobe (neural hypophesis)

A

Posterior pituitary

63
Q

endocrine tissue of pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary, not neurally derived, 6 hormones

64
Q

synapse:

A

onto capillary bed, dumping contents here, blood supply drains the hormones that are being released

65
Q

How many types of cells are secreting the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

5

66
Q

Posterior pituitary produces:

A

oxytocin and ADH (Vasopression)

67
Q

Neural lobe (neural hypophesis)

A

Posterior pituitary

68
Q

endocrine tissue of pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary, not neurally derived, 6 hormones

69
Q

cell bodies lie here:

A

hypothalamic nuclei

70
Q

synapse:

A

onto capillary bed, dumping contents here, blood supply drains the hormones that are being released

71
Q

How many types of cells are secreting the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

5

72
Q

This hormone, released from the pituitary gland is endorphins:

A

ACTH

73
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

permissive

74
Q

functions of epithelial cells around follicular cells:

A

thyroid hormones, proteins, globulins that are secreted into the colloid

75
Q

Thyroid hormones first enter this space:

A

colloid space

76
Q

What type of process is used for the release of thyroid hormones?

A

Double secretion process

77
Q

True or False? Thyroid hormones are lipophilic

A

T

78
Q

What is thyroid hormone stored?

A

must be bound, can not easily be stored because it leaks out, bound to glycoprotein in the colloid space

79
Q

Chemical origin of thyroid hormones:

A

tyrosine, water soluble

80
Q

What is required for biological activity of T3 and T4?

A

idoine

81
Q

What differs between T3 and T4?

A

number of iodinated positions

82
Q

T3 has complete biological activity:

A

F.

83
Q

Which has less biological activity, T3 or T4

A

T4

84
Q

How can T4 be made morphology active?

A

Deiodinate to make T3

85
Q

T4 is essentially a:

A

prohormone

86
Q

Composition of T3:

A

2 tyrosine + 3 iodine

87
Q

What type of receptors for T3?

A

nuclear receptor

88
Q

Thyroid hormones are ___-like compounds.

A

steroid

89
Q

What is necessary to make type hormone?

A

iodine

90
Q

True or False? We can synthesize iodine.

A

F.

91
Q

What cells transport iodine?

A

follicular cells

92
Q

What type of transport for iodide?

A

Sodium/iodid transporter, ATP required to increase conc of iodine 2-30 times up to 200 times

93
Q

What happens at the same time as iodide transport not the cell?

A

synethiss of thyroglobuid (major component of colloid), binding protein to keep the constituents from floating away because they are lipophilic

94
Q

From where to where is thyroglobulin secreted?

A

follicular cell to colloid space

95
Q

What are the branches coming off of thyroglobulin?

A

tyrosine

96
Q

Where is thyroglobulin iodinated

A

apical side of follicular cell

97
Q

Pendrin:

A

transporter to move iodide into the colloid from follicular cell

98
Q

What is required for idode to bind to Thyroblobulin?

A

Must be reactive enough to couple with tyrosine backbone, done by peroxidase and then iodination (peroxidation, essentially a free radical)

99
Q

How many steps is thyroid peroxidase enzyme involved in?

A

perixidation, iondination (in presence of thyroid peroxidase), and coupling (stack to tyrosine molecules together)

100
Q

What stimulates the grabbing up of colloid (uptake process of colloid)

A

pituitary

101
Q

What causes the degradatin of the colloid structure?

A

fusing with lysosomes (proteases, etc.), indiscriminant digestion

102
Q

Product of the degradation of thyroglobulin:

A

T1, T2, T3, T4,

103
Q

True or False? T1 and T2 are lipophilic.

A

F

104
Q

What happens to the T3 and T4 that is broken down from thyroglobulin?

A

released into circulation via transporters

105
Q

how much more T4 is being released into the circulation than T3

A

20 times more

106
Q

What enzyme in the tissues can snip off iodine?

A

deiodinases

107
Q

Functions of in the biosynthesis force thyroid hormone:

A

TSH stimulates the transporter involved, 10 -250 fold increase of activity

108
Q

TRH release TSH from:

A

anterior pituitary gland

109
Q

True or False? All the breakdown products of thyroglobulin can be recycled.

A

T

110
Q

What releases the major hormones for thyrotroph activation?

A

hypothalamus (TRH into portal circulation)

111
Q

What stimulates the thyroid follicles?

A

TSh

112
Q

What is inhibitory of thryotroph secretion of TSH?

A

T3, T4 would bind to thyrotroph and be converted to T3 and then act on thyrotroph

113
Q

Actions of thyroid hormones:

A

transport via: thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), growth (chondroenic, not directly involved in linear growth), metabolic, sympathetic nervous system, temperature regulation

114
Q

What binds most hormones to transport to the periphery?

A

albumin

115
Q

What can bind to TBG (specific)?

A

T3 and T4

116
Q

T3 can alter:

A

genomic functions

117
Q

What happens to T4 in the periphery?

A

iodinated to T3

118
Q

IGF1:

A

involved in linear growth

119
Q

Dental connection

A

Tooth eruption

120
Q

In utero, if mom is iodide deficient:

A

can result in demyeleniatoin that leads to retardation and cretinism

121
Q

True or False? The effects of iodide deficiency is reversible after birth

A

T

122
Q

Metabolic effects of thyroid hormones:

A

accelearated starvation, Vo2 increase, more fuel demand,, transport more across GI tract

123
Q

What can happen in hyperthyroidism?

A

the system becomes catabolic, extreme starvation, loss of u to 50% of proteins stores

124
Q

What muscles are affect most in hyperthyroidism?

A

quads, metabolic breakdown of tissues

125
Q

How can you increase heart rate and blood pressure in an animal?

A

postsynaptic effect, permissive effect of thyroid hormones on therapy heart, increased beta receptors density (thyroid hormones maintain these), release of norepinephrine from sympathetic terminal to there heart, greater response in heart rate and contractility

126
Q

Overload of thyroid hormones leads to an increase in:

A

increase in beta receptors

127
Q

hashimotos’s thyroiditis:

A

destruction of the thyroid gland

128
Q

No idodie in diet leads to:

A

low thyroid hormone release, normal negative feedback system is not there, primarily colloid production will be unregulated. If stimulation is larger and strong enough you will have an increase in the size of the thyroid

129
Q

Graves disease;

A

TSI’s, autoimmune process that attacks thyroid gland, binds follicles and turns them on permanently, follicles are in overdrive, iodinating,etc. You are making active thyroid hormone, primary driver is some autoimmune process. Pumping out T3 and T4 which will have their effects, intense feedback on anterior pituitary and shut down of the hypothalamus.

130
Q

Both Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Grave’s disease lead to:

A

goiter, enlarged thyroid

Physiology (55 decks)

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