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Physiology > Section 7: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates and Protein > Flashcards

Section 7: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates and Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Which complex molecules can be absorbed directly across the epithelium

A

none, not through cell membranes or tight junctions

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2
Q

Enzyme locations for digestion and absotption of carbohydrates:

A

brush border and lumen

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3
Q

Final acts of digestion enzymes are here:

A

brush border

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4
Q

Which glucose bonds are harder to break?

A

1,6

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5
Q

Enzyme in carbohydrates breakdown:

A

alpha amylase of pancreas, alpha dextrinase and glucoamylase

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6
Q

Fructose + Glucose:

A

sucrose

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7
Q

2 transport proteins;

A

glucose carrier and fructose carrier

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8
Q

test of carrier mediated transport:

A

transported against concentration gradient, tube in rabbits stomach, infuse bolus of glucose solution, lumen of stomach now has high glucose concentration, glucose concentration higher in lumen than blood, no glucose after 90 minutes. Below dotted line = active transport

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9
Q

Glucose sugar levels:

A

90 mg percent (90 mMol)

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10
Q

What sugar will be absorbed preferentially over glucose?

A

galactose

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11
Q

Can provent functions of glucose carrier required for absorption:

A

oubain (poison), depeds on metabolic enegy, lumen Na+ depeneded

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12
Q

Glucose and galactose on this protien:

A

SGLT

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13
Q

What is SGTL:

A

cotransporter, one is not transported without the other

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14
Q

Glucose is moved out on the basolateral side via this:

A

GLUT 2

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15
Q

Ouabiain blocks:

A

the Na/K pump, Na increases in the cell, prevents glucose transport

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16
Q

True or False? Transport of glucose is concentration dependent.

A

F

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17
Q

fructose transport

A

can’t go against a concentration gradient, can’t be poisoned by oubain, no ATP involved, no sodium involved, ,

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18
Q

Which basolateral transporter moves fructose out of the cll?

A

GLUT 2, facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

True or False? lactose intolerabitliy leads to a decreases in luminal osmolarity.

A

F. increase

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20
Q

True or False? Fluid accumulates in the lumen of the stomach in people with lactose intolerance.

A

T

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21
Q

What are the more immediate issues that lead to diarrhea for lactose intolerant people?

A

luminal distension and enhanced peristalsis

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22
Q

Where do bacteria attack lactose in the gut?

A

small and large intestines

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23
Q

Liters of water entering the intestines each day:

A

8-10L (check)

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24
Q

True or False? High fructose corn syrup is worse for you than sugar.

A

F

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25
Q

Sugar is high in __ and low in ___:

A

calories, nutriiton

26
Q

Dietary fibers:

A

cellulose, hemicelluose, or pectins

27
Q

These enzymes don’t absorb cellulose, hemicelluose, or pectins

A

pancreatic or brush border enzymes

28
Q

Organic anions of dietary fiber are:

A

osmoticaly active, less likely to be constipated

29
Q

Bacteria break fibers dow to:

A

short chain fatty acids, H2, CO2, and methane

30
Q

Short chain fatty acids that fiber is broken down to:

A

acetate, propionate, butyrate

31
Q

True or False? None of the short chain fatty acids that are produced by the break down of fibers are absorbed.

A

F. Some are

32
Q

Toxins produced by bacteria can cause:

A

secretory diarrhea

33
Q

Protiens in the lumen:

A

125gm/day or 20% of the diet in U.S.

34
Q

Amount of protein enzymes in the lumen per day:

A

30 mg/ day

35
Q

This makes up 25 mg/day of the protein in the lumen:

A

dead epithelial cells

36
Q

Turnover rate of epithelial cells in the lumen:

A

5 days

37
Q

5 carriers in the proximal intestines:

A

Neutral AA’s, Basic AAs, Acidic AAs, Imido AA, Di- and tri-peptides

38
Q

First real protease:

A

pepsin

39
Q

What enzyme does most of the work of breaking proteins down?

A

pancreatic protease

40
Q

Enzymes involved in protein digestion:

A

pancreatic protease and pepsin

41
Q

Bile acids, and water soluble amino acids are returned via:

A

hepatic portal vein

42
Q

What peptidases break down the smaller peptides?

A

intracellular

43
Q

Characteristics of amino acids absorption:

A

transport aginst a concentration gradient, competition between amino acids, poisoned by ouabia (Na is involved), depends on metabolic energy to be absorbed, depend on luminal sodium

44
Q

Amino acids absorption in the duodenum and jejunum:

A

Na coupled, proved by polarizing epithelial cells, Na/K pump always on the basolateral side

45
Q

True or False? Amino acids acid absorption is always transported via this type of transport:

A

secondary active transport

46
Q

Vitamin B12 is aka:

A

Cobalamin

47
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for:

A

making rbc

48
Q

only thing the stomach does that is required for living

A

intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells to absorb B12 in the blood

49
Q

How is CBL broken down in the stomach

A

pepsin and the acidity of the stomach

50
Q

Vitamin:

A

essential to live, you can’t make yourself

51
Q

What cells secrete intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

52
Q

What is secreted by gastric glands which then binds to cobalmin

A

Haptocorrin,

53
Q

What is required for the absorption of B12?

A

intrinsic factor

54
Q

Pernicious anemia:

A

large, odd red blood cells that get stuck in the capillaries, feed raw liver, they get better

55
Q

When is CBL released into the small intestines?

A

proteolyic degradation of haptocorin

56
Q

Why did the liver make the patients better?

A

store of B12 in the liver

57
Q

What are absorbed in the jejunum?

A

Trigycerides, fat soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and lecithin

58
Q

When is most absorption done?

A

mid jejunum

59
Q

Why are fats harder to digest?

A

not water soluble

60
Q

Reabsorbed in the ileum:

A

bile salts and V12

61
Q

What sugars make up the largest and smallest components of our diet?

A

sucrose (30%) and lactose (6%)

Physiology (55 decks)

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