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Physiology > Section 5 Lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Section 5 Lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of CO2 in the body?

A

Homeostatic regulation of pH

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2
Q

Inhaled gas is _% humidified.

A

100%

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3
Q

Respiratory area consists of:

A

layer of resp cells, blood, and water bw these

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4
Q

T or F? RS is a secondary defense system.

A

F. primary

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5
Q

Functions of respiratory system:

A

Host defense, vocalizaton, water and heat balance, metabolism

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6
Q

What direct role does the respiratory system have in the movement of gases?

A

None

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7
Q

What % of the blood flows through the lungs?

A

99%

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8
Q

T or F? The lungs fxn in metabolism.

A

T

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9
Q

Is control of respiration voluntary or involuntary?

A

both voluntary and autonomic

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10
Q

Pulmonary system is in (parallel/series):

A

series

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11
Q

Flow proportional to:

A

delta P

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12
Q

Flow inversely proportional to:

A

resistance

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13
Q

Resistance =

A

1/Radius

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14
Q

Most defects of RS:

A

inc res in airways or dec compliance

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15
Q

Lung has (high/low) compliance and (high/low) resistance.

A

both low

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16
Q

Lung too compliant:

A

can’t generate enough P for in/expiration (emphysema)

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17
Q

T or F? The RS is controlled by Oxygen flow.

A

F. CO2 levels

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18
Q

Flow =

A

delta P/R

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19
Q

delta P =

A

inside - outside

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20
Q

What is the source of resistance in the lungs?

A

diameter of tubes of respiratory system

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21
Q

How is diffusion distance represented in the flow equation?

A

R

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22
Q

Does the body sense changes in O2 or CO2 first?

A

CO2

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23
Q

Effects of hyperventilating maximally:

A

lowers CO2 and this dec brain blood flow and gets so low you pass out

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24
Q

What type of acid is lactic acid?

A

fixed acid

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25
Q

energy =

A

O2 consumption + anaerobic glycolysis

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26
Q

Oxygen content in the lungs is:

A

the O2 uptake in the lungs

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27
Q

What is he O2 levels in veins determined by?

A

metabolism

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28
Q

Will higher metabolism lead to lower or higher levels of oxygen in veins?

A

lower

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29
Q

Which is fixed and which is variable, inspired O2 fraction or expired O2 fraction?

A

inspired: fixed, expired: variable (with O2 consumption)

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30
Q

What is the fixed inspired O2 fracton?

A

0.2094

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31
Q

Flow rate (?) of oxygen =

A

inspired ventilation - expired ventilation

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32
Q

Flow rate (?) of CO2 =

A

expired ventilation - inspired ventilation

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33
Q

Ambient % of CO2:

A

0.04 (ignored in equations)

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34
Q

How many moles of CO2 are produced for each mole of O2 consumed?

A

1

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35
Q

What would an increase in pulmonary pressure lead to?

A

pulmonary edema

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36
Q

How does the body respond to pulmonary edema?

A

increase R ventilation ejection or alter pulmonary capacity pressure

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37
Q

systolic and diastolic measurements in the lungs:

A

40/10

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38
Q

What causes pulmonary edema?

A

any rise in pulmonary arterial pressure

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39
Q

What causes a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

increase in respiratory ventilation, ejection, or increase blood pressure on left side of heart

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40
Q

True or False? Resistance and compliance are always inversely related.

A

F. usually

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41
Q

What is respiration?

A

cellular (exchange between blood and tissue) and external respiration (diffusion into blood)

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42
Q

What is ventilation?

A

inspiration and expiration

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43
Q

Avg lung V:

A

4L (60% tissue, 40% blood)

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44
Q

Avg weight of lung:

A

1kg

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45
Q

S.a. of lung:

A

85 square meters (tennis court)

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46
Q

Respiratory system is composed of:

A

Chest wall, diaphragm, pleural space, and lung

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47
Q

What must the lungs overcome to bring air in?

A

elastic recoil

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48
Q

In what circumstance would respirattion be active?

A

Hard exercise, high ambient pressure

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49
Q

** True or False? The lungs are very elastic and have high compliance.

A

T (?)

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50
Q

At rest we inspire via this structure, until about —- fold.

A

nasal passage, until about 3 fold

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51
Q

Function of sinuses:

A

P equalization and light skull

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52
Q

Fxn of turbinate:

A

resistance during basal breathing, humidification

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53
Q

When does nasal breathing occur?

A

At low ventilations

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54
Q

What causes the release and synthesis of NO?

A

shear stress against the endothelium.

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55
Q

NO is important in:

A

vasodilation of the bronchiole airways.

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56
Q

Function of NO in the oral/naso passageway:

A

open airways

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57
Q

When can ciliated epi can be overwhelmed?

A

during cold and flu due to mucus draining

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58
Q

What creates 50% of resistance in the nasal passageway?

A

turbinate

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59
Q

How many mL is the Nasal-Oral Passageway?

A

20ml (?)

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60
Q

The Nasal-Oral Passageway clears particles of this size and smaller:

A

10 micron (micrometer)

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61
Q

In which orfice of the nose does mucus build up?

A

ostium

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62
Q

nerve supply to the nasal passageways:

A

superior turbinate (cribiform plate to olfactory bulb)

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63
Q

Does NO lead to the increase or decrease in flow?

A

increase

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64
Q

Muscles of insspiration:

A

SCM, scalene muscles, parasternal intercartilagenous muscles, external intercostals, diaphragm

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65
Q

What muscle controls most resp at low levels

A

diaphragm

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66
Q

Muscles of expiration:

A

internal intercostals, abdominals, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, external and internal obliques

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67
Q

Respiratory muscle diseases:

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis

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68
Q

Range of movement of diaphragm in cm:

A

1cm to 10cm

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69
Q

Maximum pressure in lungs generated by diaphragm:

A

150-200 cm H2O

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70
Q

Innervation of external intercostal muscle:

A

intercosal nerves

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71
Q

Muscles controlling nasal flaring:

A

genioglossus and arytenoid muscles

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72
Q

Poor muscle strength in the genioglossus and arytenoid muscles can lead to:

A

snoring

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73
Q

Which muscles increase pressure in the lungs, expiratory or inspiratory muscles?

A

expiratory

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74
Q

What allows for the lobes of the lungs to slide?

A

fissures

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75
Q

Function of pleura:

A

creates a liquid interface

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76
Q

This can result in a collapsed lung:

A

pneumothorax

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77
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural space

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78
Q

Fluid in pleural space is called:

A

pleural effusion

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79
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

infection

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80
Q

RS starts here:

A

Oral nasal passageway

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81
Q

To where do the right and left bronchii branch?

A

upper, middle, and lower lobes of lung

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82
Q

Function of upper lobes and trachea:

A

to get gas down to lower lobes

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83
Q

Gas exchange happens in these lobes:

A

middle and lower

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84
Q

Are the upper or lower airways more compliant?

A

lower

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85
Q

Parts of lungs involve in respiration

A

bronchioles and alveolar ducts (17-23)

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86
Q

Dead spaces:

A

Trachea and nronchi and nonrespiratory bronchioles (1-16)

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87
Q

The anatomic dead space contains about how many mL of air?

A

150mL

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88
Q

The respiratory bronchioles contain about how many mL of air?

A

2500mL

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89
Q

True or False? Gas exchange occurs across the terminal bronchioles.

A

F

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90
Q

Serial arrangement of lungs lead to:

A

Large resistance

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91
Q

Resistance in parallel path:

A

1/R

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92
Q

Resistance is mostly in what part of the respiratory system?

A

upper airways

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93
Q

Air flow velocity is proportional to:

A

cross-sectional area (very low flow in alveoli for effective exchange of gas)

94
Q

About how many alveoli do we have?

A

3-6 X 10^8

95
Q

Cross-sectional area in cm^2 of all alveoli:

A

> 1X 10^6

96
Q

The cross bridges of the diaphragm are set to:

A

give the dome shaped structure

97
Q

The force generated by respiratory muscles is mainly controlled by:

A

their length

98
Q

When does the force of the lungs decrease?

A

At the end of forced inspiration or expiration

99
Q

True or False? NO leads to flaring of the nostrils.

A

F. The surrounding muscles cause flaring

100
Q

What would happen if there were no remaining air in the lung at the end of expiration?

A

the lung would completely collapse

101
Q

Blood supply to the lung:

A

pulmonary artery

102
Q

Airway flow in the alveolar passageways becomes:

A

parallel

103
Q

True or False? There is no diffusion limitation for O2 and Co2 at the lung.

A

T, because of the high cross-sectional area and low velocity

104
Q

Diseases that affect the conducting airways and categorized under COPD:

A

asmtha, bonchiolitis, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis

105
Q

Who does bonchiolitis affect?

A

young infants, small airways, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)

106
Q

What is involved with chronic bronchitis?

A

increase mucus secretion

107
Q

What is affected at the molecular level with cystic fibrosis?

A

chloride channels (CFTR), poor transport

108
Q

What is obstruction in cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

mucus

109
Q

Cells of the conducting airways:

A

cilitated epithelium and goblet cells

110
Q

What allows for cilia to move?

A

actin

111
Q

What is actin driven by?

A

ATPase activity

112
Q

Structure of cilia:

A

9 doublets + 2 single units

113
Q

How do alveolar macrophages enter the aleoli?

A

migrate from blood

114
Q

How are macrophages moved to the mouth for expiration?

A

cilia

115
Q

2 areas of gas exchange:

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

116
Q

What cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II

117
Q

Shape of alveoli:

A

polygonal

118
Q

Width of alveoli:

A

250 micrometers

119
Q

What % of gas exchange do the Type I cells do?

A

96-98%

120
Q

What type of basement membrane do Type I alveolar cells have?

A

fused, short diffusion

121
Q

What is blood flow matched with?

A

gas exchange

122
Q

What happens to the cells of the alveoli at birth?

A

Type I are converted to Type II and II to I with injury

123
Q

Interstitium is composed of:

A

connective tissue, smooth muscle, lymphatics, and capillaries

124
Q

capillaries are composed of:

A

fibroblasts, collagen, elastin, cartilage

125
Q

This structure is bw the gas phases, makes the air carrying space:

A

interstitium (check)

126
Q

True or False? Perfusion and ventilation are matched in the healthy individual.

A

T

127
Q

Neuroendocrine cells are aka:

A

Kultschitzky cells

128
Q

What provides local regulation of alveoli and circulation?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

129
Q

Function of neuroendocrine cells:

A

release dopamine and serotonin

130
Q

List 2 biogenic amines:

A

dopamine and serotonin

131
Q

How much is the capillary area in mL?

A

60 mL (?)

132
Q

Setpum is aka:

A

interstitium

133
Q

There is a loss of this in emphysema:

A

surface area an septae

134
Q

Alveoli numbers increase until what age?

A

8

135
Q

Alveoli diameter increase until?

A

early adulthood

136
Q

This disease decreases alveolar numbers:

A

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

137
Q

At what age does lung function peak?

A

20-25 yrs

138
Q

2 blood supplies to lungs:

A

pulmonary and bronchial

139
Q

Vascular bed surface area of pulmonary blood supply to the lungs:

A

70-80 m^2

140
Q

Capillary volume in pulmonary blood supply:

A

70 mL (check) increasing to 200 mL

141
Q

True or False? Large pulmonary blood vessels have smooth muscle.

A

T

142
Q

Does the pulmonary or bronchial blood supply to the lungs bring nutritive flow?

A

bronchial

143
Q

Bronchial blood supply makes up what % of circulation?

A

1-2%

144
Q

Coughing blood is aka:

A

hemoptysis

145
Q

How is CO affected in cystic fibrosis?

A

decreased by 10-20% (check)

146
Q

What are pulmonary vessels innnervated by?

A

sym nn. ,

147
Q

blood flow to pulm circ modulated by:

A

autoniomic regulation, to inc large cap flow and volume

148
Q

variable res in terms of airflow:

A

Elastic fibers

149
Q

True or False? Arterioles of bronchiole circ also have s.m. to regulate flow to match ventilation w perfusion.

A

T

150
Q

How is filtered plasma not returned to L atrium taken back to circulation?

A

lymphatic vessels

151
Q

How is the capillary network embedded in the circulation?

A

perfectly surrounds the alveoli

152
Q

True or False? The capillary network forms a continuous sheet.

A

F. Nearly continuous, for matching of gas and blood

153
Q

List the components of the alveoli from the center out:

A

alveoli, capillary, endothelial cell, epithelium cell Type I, basement membrane, interstitial fluid

154
Q

True or False? 96-98% of the cells of the alveoli are Type I cells.

A

F. equal number of both. (Type I is 96-98% of the surface area)

155
Q

What cells repair/replace epithelial cells?

A

Type II

156
Q

This disease results in the loss of elastic recoil:

A

emphysema

157
Q

this can results in the excess elastic fibers:

A

pulmonary fibrosis, auto immune disease, injury

158
Q

How is pressure generated in the lymphatics?

A

same as venous blood

159
Q

What is surfactant secreted through?

A

pores

160
Q

How many diferent kinds of fluids are within the lung epithelium?

A

3: periciliary fluid, mucus, surfactant

161
Q

What fluid is found in the trachea and terminal bronchioles?

A

periciliary fluid and mucus

162
Q

What cells line the lung epithelium?

A

pseudo stratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

163
Q

What cells maintain the periciliary fluid?

A

chloride secretions and sodium absorption

164
Q

These cells have a regenerative function:

A

Clara cells

165
Q

What cells produce mucus?

A

goblet or surface secretor cells

166
Q

Mucus is picked up by this and moved upwards.

A

periciliary fluid

167
Q

Functions of mucus:

A

Move particles out and role in regeneration of goblet cells

168
Q

How does surfactant reduce the work of breathing?

A

allows pleura to slide easily, can bring lung volume back down easily, respiratory muscles have to work less to inspire and expire air.

169
Q

What is the importance in stabilizing alveoli by maintaining s. tension?

A

all have same access to the exchange of gas

170
Q

What would happen if there were a defect in surfactant or other factors that changed resistance in airways?

A

diaphragm and respiratory muscles work harder, more force needed for same ventilation, increase work of breathing, need more oxygen, increase up to 20%

171
Q

What % of CO normally goes to lungs to meet metabolic demands?

A

2-3%

172
Q

What ensures there is no difference in tension between 2 lung layers?

A

Effective surfactant on 2 layers

173
Q

3 functions of surfactant:

A

reduce work of breathing, prevent collapse and sticking, reduce surface tension by stabilizing alveoli

174
Q

How to calculate surface tension of surface molecule per unit length:

A

(2 X wall tension) / radius

175
Q

True or False? surfactant decreases its’ surface tension at high volumes

A

F. increases

176
Q

How are alveoli interconnected in the terminal airways?

A

pores of Kohn and canals of Lambert

177
Q

the collapse or closure of a lung:

A

atelectasis

178
Q

True or False? All alveoli have the same potential for gas exchange.

A

T

179
Q

Composition of surfactant:

A

phospholipids, neutral lipids, fatty acids and proteins (85% lipid, 15% protein)

180
Q

Surfactant is secreted into the airways via exocytosis of the:

A

lamellar body

181
Q

What type of agonist promote the secretion of lamellar bodies?

A

Beta-adrenergic agonist

182
Q

True or False? Type II cells takes up surfactant and it is cleared by macrophages after being sent to the lymphatics.

A

T

183
Q

Functions of lymphatics:

A

host defense, removal of lymph fluid from the lung

184
Q

True or False? Tight junctions are present between endothelial cells.

A

F

185
Q

What anchors the lymphatics to the adjacent connective tissues?

A

fine filaments

186
Q

What occurs with muscle contraction at the point where the fine filaments anchor the lymphatics to the adjacent connective tissues?

A

junctions open

187
Q

Why is there no limitation of binding of O2 to the red blood cell?

A

bc of the s.a.

188
Q

blood flow in lungs is approximately:

A

the cardiac output

189
Q

What is the pressure in the alveolar space?

A

basically zero

190
Q

Hormones that lead to the inactivation of endothelial cells:

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, bradykinin

191
Q

Hormones produced by endothelial cells:

A

protaglandins, peptides

192
Q

This is an AGII inhibitor:

A

Diovan

193
Q

Name 2 ACE inhibitors:

A

accupril and captropril

194
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

inflammatory process of the alveolar septae and lung interstitium, causes thickening and scarring and changes in elastin and fibrin content and function

195
Q

Causes of pulmonary fibrosis:

A

idiopathic, bacteria and viruses, drugs, inhalation of asbestos and other compounds

196
Q

What drugs can cause pulmonary fibrosis?

A

amioderone for atrial fibrillation

197
Q

What does asbestosis cause?

A

diffuse pulmonary fibrosis resulting in decreased lung volumes, decrease lung compliance and decreased diffusion of O2 and Co2 across the alveolar/capillary membrane, lung cancer (mesothelioma)

198
Q

What does mesothelioma cause?

A

the single cell lining of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and their viscera to thicken into sheets that enclose gland-like spaces that produce large amounts of fluid.

199
Q

Causes of mesothelioma:

A

industrial compounds such as asbestos, crocidolite, amorsite, chrysolite, and anthophyllite

200
Q

Asbestos can cause:

A

pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer, including mesothelioma, in any combination.

201
Q

5% of carries of the recessive gene for cystic fibrosis have a defect on this chromosome:

A

7

202
Q

How many mutations have found to be associated with cystic fibrosis?

A

over 300, each compromises airway clearance to a certain degree

203
Q

Most common mutation found in cystic fibrosis:

A

deletion of phenylalanine at position 508

204
Q

Defects in the CFTR gene results in what?

A

decreased secretion of chloride ion from the ciliated epithelial cells into the sol layer (decreased water movement into sol layer)

205
Q

Result of decreased water in the sol layer in cystic fibrosis:

A

decreased ability to remove dust, bacteria, etc., causing infection of the airways epithelium

206
Q

treatments to help restore function of the mucus layer of the airways:

A

increased Cl- secretion with uridine triphosphate, decreased Sodium+ absorption with amiloride, decreased viscosity of mucus with drones alpha to cleave mucus proteins, inhalation of saline solutions to enhance ciliary functions

207
Q

Innervation of lungs:

A

pre and postganglionic neurons in CNS and postganglioninc in gnaglia in the lungs

208
Q

True or False? You can not feel pain in the pleura.

A

F. You can, just not in the lungs

209
Q

The parasympathetic component of the lungs is responsible for:

A

airway constriction, blood vessels dilation, glandular secretion

210
Q

What transmitters are involved in stimulation and inhibition in the lungs?

A

Non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter (inhibitory = relaxation)

211
Q

neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic side of the lungs:

A

AcH

212
Q

Neurotransmitter used internal he sympathetic side of the lungs:

A

Norepinephrine

213
Q

Where in the CNS in the control center for ventilation?

A

brainstem

214
Q

What modifies CPG pacemaker potential?

A

stretch receptors in lung and O2 receptors with input from the hypothalamus and amygdala

215
Q

Info from chemoreceptors is sent to what part of the brains?

A

respiratory center in medulla

216
Q

smooth muscle cell innervations in lungs (3):

A

parasympathetic, AcH, Vagus nerve, muscarinic receptors, subtype 3

217
Q

Skeletal muscle innervation in lungs:

A

nicotinic receptor, subtype 1

218
Q

AcH is released from:

A

axon vericosities

219
Q

True or False? The bronchiole has cartilage.

A

T, smooth muscle surrounding

220
Q

Activation of these receptors via this neurotransmitter leads to airway contraction:

A

muscarinic (M3), AcH

221
Q

Activation of these receptors via this neurotransmitter leads to airway relaxation:

A

adrenergic (B2), epinephrine

222
Q

Epithelial cell wall turnover:

A

6 weeks

223
Q

6 types of asthma inhalers:

A

B2 adrenergic - Albuterol, M3 inhibitor - Atropine, Steroids - inhibit inflammation, Anithistamine - mast cells, leukotriene/steroid - Singulair, VIP - relaxation

224
Q

Smoking leads to these at the cellular level:

A

inhibition of cilia, goblet cell hyperplasia

225
Q

From where does the SNS release norepinephrine?

A

nerve endings

226
Q

From where does the SNS release epinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla

227
Q

What does the PNS release to cause constriction in the lungs?

A

AcH

228
Q

Binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine to Beta 2 cells leads to:

A

relaxation

229
Q

Function of atropine:

A

prevents AcH released from the PNS from causing construction in the airways

230
Q

VIP stands for:

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Inhaled Agonists

231
Q

What neurotransmitters work on the mucus glands?

A

norepinephrine (SNS) and AcH (PNS)

Physiology (55 decks)

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