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Physiology > Section 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment for COPD:

A

Vit D, Artificial lung transplant, or specific antioxidant gene therapy

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2
Q

Disease that increases lung compliance:

A

emphysema

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3
Q

T or F? An anemic patient will have a increased Ca(O2).

A

F. decreased (check)

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4
Q

Hemoglobin binds:

A

CO2, O2, NO, and CO (check)

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5
Q

Factors affecting the flow rate of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane:

A

s.a., partial pressure difference of that gas across the membrane, thickness of membrane, and diffusion constant of the specific gas

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6
Q

If the V(T) of breathing increases than for a constant, how will the alveolar ventilation affected?

A

it decreases

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7
Q

Is the airway resistance for a person with emphysema greater or less than a healthy individual?

A

increased (greater)

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8
Q

Can a spriometer measure FRC?

A

No

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9
Q

What does a spriometer measure?

A

lung volumes

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10
Q

What factors change in a person with pulmonary fibrosis?

A

vital capacity and compliance both decrease, diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar/capilllary membrane decreases, respiratory rate is increased in order to maintain normal alveolar ventilation, expired ventilation must increase to maintain normal alveolar ventilation

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11
Q

Factors that help facilitate the unloading of O2:

A

decrease in pH, increase in P(VCO2), decrease in tissue P(O2)

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12
Q

Factors that reduce Pa(CO2):

A

PA(CO2) decreases, patient has fibrosis, baby is born before 32 weeks gestation

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13
Q

Why does the diffusion capacity of the lung decrease in a person with emphsema?

A

s.a. of alveoli decreases, number of capillaries decreases, alveolar ventilation decreases

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14
Q

In a patient with a physiological shunt in the lung:

A

there may be obstruction in the lung and/or the V(A)/Q ratio will be less than 1

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15
Q

Where would hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction most likely occur?

A

near the summit of Mt. Everest without supplemental oxygen

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16
Q

How is blood redirected in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

to better ventilate portions of the lung if it occurs locally in only small portions of the lung

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17
Q

What will a pulmonary embolism cause?

A

increase in alveolar dead space, the V(A)/Q ratio increases in the affected portion of the lung, and a decrease in total pulmonary blood flow

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18
Q

How does the EPP move if the airway resistance increases in dynamic airway compression?

A

the EPP moves towards the alveoli

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19
Q

Neutronsmitter of the parasympathetic system:

A

AcH

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20
Q

How to treat CO poisoning:

A

hyperbaric chamber

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21
Q

What causes constriction of the smooth muscle in the conducting zone airways?

A

the release of AcH from parasympathetic neurons

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22
Q

True or False? A decrease in alveolar CO2 will decrease airway resistance.

A

F

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23
Q

Factors that will decrease airway resistance:

A

increase in altitude, tracheostomy, inhalation of bronchodilator, or increasing lung volume

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24
Q

Facts about surfactants:

A

produced by alveolar type II cells, decreases surface tension in the alveoli, allows equal inflation of small and larger alveoli, composed of phospholipids and proteins

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25
Q

Factors increasing the pulmonary vascular resistance in a patient with emphysema:

A

number of pulmonary capillaries decreases, P(AO2) decreases, an increased FRC compresses the pulmonary capillaries

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26
Q

What controls ventilation by regulating the H+ concentration of the CSF?

A

P(aCO2)

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27
Q

A decrease in what will cause a decrease in P(aCO2)?

A

P(ACO2)

28
Q

Airflow in the large airways is:

A

turbulent

29
Q

What muscles must contract at the end of a maximal inspiration with the glottis open?

A

internal intercostal muscles

30
Q

Organize the following from greatest to least: P(IO2), P(vO2), P (AO2)

A

P(IO2) > P (AO2) > P(vO2)

31
Q

Why does the diffusing capacity of the lung decrease in a patient with emphysema?

A

because the surface area of the alveoli decreases

32
Q

Factors that facilitate the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin:

A

increase in phospholipid, decrease in P(VCO2), decrease in tissue P(O2)

33
Q

will increase blood flow (perfusion) through the lung?

A

decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), increase in the arterial to venous pressure gradient (∆P), and an increase in cardiac output..

34
Q

What is altered in a patient with emphysema?

A

RV increases because of an increase in lung compliance AND RV increases due to flow limitation that causes air trapping.

35
Q

How will a person whose spinal cord is severed (cut) at the level of T7 be affected?

A

decreased ability to cough

36
Q

Why is the P(AO2) less than the P(IO2) (inspired partial pressure of oxygen)?

A

water vapor pressure increases during inspiration AND oxygen is constantly diffusing into the pulmonary capillaries

37
Q

When would P(aO2) be less than normal?

A

if alveolar dead space increases

38
Q

How can the ventilation/ percussion ratio of the lung be increased?

A

decreasing alveolar dead space, increasing the amount of extra pulmonary shunt, and moving from the lying down to standing position

39
Q

Where does most diffusion across the alveolar capillary membrane occur at rest?

A

within the first not third of the pulmonary capillary

40
Q

What increases during exercise due to the recruitment of pulmonary capillaries?

A

D(LO2)

41
Q

True or False? The D(LO2) is greater in a newborn than an adult.

A

F

42
Q

How will the D(LO2) be affected if the P(IO2) increases?

A

it will increase

43
Q

True or False? If a patient has a lung removed, their D(LO2) will increase.

A

F. decrease

44
Q

What is the partial pressure of the O2 in the systemic veins is a normal individual?

A

40 mmHg

45
Q

What is the partial pressure is a person exercising?

A

less than 40 mmHg

46
Q

What is the partial pressure of a person with cyanide poisoning?

A

greater than 40mmHg (histotoxic hypoxia- prevent use of oxygen by the cells)

47
Q

Factors that will increase the O2 carrying capacity of hemoglobin in the arterial blood:

A

increase in the P(O2), decrease in the P(CO2), decrease in the concentration of H+, decrease in temperature

48
Q

Does the amount of dissolved CO2 increase or decrease as blood moves through the systemic capillaries?

A

increases

49
Q

Does the amount of H (bCO2) increase or decrease as blood moves through the systemic capillaries?

A

increase

50
Q

Affects of increasing the P(IO2) in a patient with emphysema:

A

decrease in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, increase in the P(aO2), increase in the D(LO2), decrease in the thickness of the alveolar/ capillary membrane

51
Q

How are pulmonary capillaries affected during exercise?

A

greater recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

52
Q

What returns to normal after weeks at a high altitude?

A

the Ca(O2) returns to normal

53
Q

Function of erythropoietin:

A

increase the number of red blood cells

54
Q

Where is most of the oxyhemoglobin formed?

A

in the pulmonary capillaries

55
Q

Does blood phospholipid decrease or increase as it moves through systemic capillaries?

A

decrease (the capillaries decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen)

56
Q

What % of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

A

2%

57
Q

When is the pressure of the chest wall equal and opposite to the pressure of the lung?

A

at FRC and the end of expiration

58
Q

Does an individual who is breathing an I(IO2) of 50% at sea level have a high or low P(AO2)?

A

very high

59
Q

Relationship between air flow and blood flow when a person is standing:

A

The top of the lung has a greater air flow than blood flow

60
Q

What cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II cells

61
Q

T or F? Surfactant causes surface tension in an alveolus to decrease as its size increases.

A

F. T or F? Surfactant causes surface tension in an alveolus to increase as its size decreases.

62
Q

True or False? The diaphragm is an expiratory muscle.

A

F

63
Q

True or False? The external intercostal muscle is an expiratory muscle.

A

F.

64
Q

Factors that will increase residual volume:

A

increase minimum volume of lung, decrease in chest wall compliance, or increase in chest wall resting volume

65
Q

In which airways is airflow turbulent?

A

the large

Physiology (55 decks)

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