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Physiology > Section 5 Exam > Flashcards

Section 5 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? A decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance will decrease blood flow through lungs

A

F.

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2
Q

True or False? A decrease in the arterial to venous pressure gradient will decrease blood flow through the lungs.

A

T

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3
Q

True or False? An increase in the blood pressure within the pulmonary after will decrease blood flow through the lungs

A

F.

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4
Q

True or False? In emphysema, RV is increased because of a decrease in lung compliance.

A

F.

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5
Q

True or False? In emphysema, RV increases due to flow limitation that causes air trapping.

A

T.

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6
Q

True or False? In emphysema, FRC increases because of an increase in lung recoil pressure.

A

F.

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7
Q

True or False? The ability of a person to cough will be decreased if their spinal cord is cut at C7.

A

T

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8
Q

True or False? Inspiration will be completely normal for a person whose spinal cord has been cut at C7.

A

F.

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9
Q

True or False? In a person with pulmonary fibrosis expired ventilation must increase in order to maintian normal alveolar ventilation.

A

T.

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10
Q

True or False? In a person with pulmonary fibrosis diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar/ capillary membrane decreases.

A

T

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11
Q

True or False? In a person with pulmonary fibrosis, FRC decreases because lung recoil pressure decreases.

A

F

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12
Q

True or False? In a person with pulmonary embolism alveolar dead space increases.

A

T

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13
Q

True or False? in a person with pulmonary embolism the flow/perfusion ratio decreases.

A

F

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14
Q

True or False? in a person with pulmonary embolism the paO2 increases.

A

F.

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15
Q

The PA(O2) is less than the PI(O2) because:

A

water vapor pressure increases during inspiration, oxygen is constantly diffusing into the pulmonary capillaries, the PA(CO2) is greater than the PI(CO2)

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16
Q

Pa(O2) will be less than normal if:

A

the DL(CO) decreases, alveolar dead space increases, or shunt increases

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17
Q

True or False? The solubility layer is maintained by the movement of ions and fluids across the apical membrane of ciliated epithelial cells.

A

T

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18
Q

True or False? Airways smooth muscle contract when acetylcholine is released from parasympathetic neurons.

A

T

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19
Q

True or False? Only sympathetic neurons contract when acetylcholine is released from parasympathetic neurons.

A

F

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20
Q

True or False? Gas exchange does not occur in the conducting airways.

A

T

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21
Q

True or False? Prolonged cigarette smoking decreases movement of cilia and causes an increase in the number of goblet cells.

A

T

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22
Q

The overall flow/ perfusion ratio of the lungs can be altered by:

A

changes in alveolar dead space, changes in the amount of extrapulmonary shunt, and moving from standing to the lying down position.

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23
Q

True or False? At rest, most of the diffusion occurs within the first one third of the pulmonary capillary.

A

T.

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24
Q

True or False? During exercise, DL (O2) increases due to recruitment of pulmonary capillaries.

A

T

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25
Q

True or False? The DL(O2) can be measured directly by having a person inhale air with different PI(O2)’s.

A

F.

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26
Q

True or False? The DL(O2) will increase if the PI(O2) increases.

A

T

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27
Q

True or False? If the DL(CO) increases than the DL(O2) increases.

A

T

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28
Q

True or False? The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins is equal to 100 mm Hg in a normal individual.

A

F

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29
Q

True or False? The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins is less than 200 mm Hg in a person with an extrapulmonary shunt.

A

T

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30
Q

True or False? The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins is greater than 100 mmHg if PI(O2) increases to 250 mmHg in a normal individual.

A

F.

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31
Q

Factors that will decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in the venous blood

A

decreases in the P(O2), increase in the P(CO2), increase in the hydrogen ion concentration

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32
Q

How is the concentration of HCO3- altered as blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries?

A

decreases

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33
Q

True or False? The atmospheric of dissolved CO2 decreases as blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries.

A

T

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34
Q

True or False? The amount of Hb(CO2) increases as blood moves thru the pulmonary capillaries

A

F

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35
Q

In a person with pulmonary edema, an increase in the PI(O2) may cause:

A

a decrease in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, an increases in the Pa(O2), a decreased thickness of the alveolar/ capillary membrane, and an increase in the DL(O2)

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36
Q

Changes that occur during exercise at sea level;

A

recruitment of pulmonary capillaries, an increase in the surface area of the alveoli, and an increase in the Os driving pressure across the lung

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37
Q

True or False? There is a marked increase in the Ca(O2) during exercise at sea level in the normal individual.

A

F

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38
Q

True or False? The Ca(O2) returns to normal after weeks of exposure to high altitudes.

A

T

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39
Q

True or False? The concentration of hemoglobin increases after weeks of exposure to high altitudes.

A

T

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40
Q

True or False? The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin returns to normal after weeks of exposure so high altitudes.

A

F

41
Q

True or False? Erythropoetin increases due to a decrease in the PA(CO2).

A

F.

42
Q

True or False? Erythropoetin increases the number of red blood cells.

A

T

43
Q

True or False? Erythropoetin increases the amount of dissolved oxygen.

A

F.

44
Q

Carbon dioxide poisoning:

A

forces oxygen of hemoglobin, requires a large decrease in P(O2) (80 mm Hg) to dissociate just one molecule of O2 from hemoglobin, can be treated in a hyperbaric chamber.

45
Q

CO2 transport:

A

H+ dissociates from hemoglobin as blood passes through pulmonary capillaries, most of the HCO3- is formed in the red blood cells, blood pH decreases as blood moves through the systemic capillaries, CO2 dissolved in the blood is greater than the dissolved O2

46
Q

True or False?In a person with emphysema, airway resistance is greater during inspiration than during expiration.

A

F

47
Q

True or False? If total lung capacity increases and vital capacity decreases then RV must increase.

A

T

48
Q

True or False? At residual volume the recoil force of the chest wall is greater than the recoil force of the lung.

A

T

49
Q

True or False? An opening between the right and left atria causes an intrapulmonary shunt.

A

F

50
Q

True or False? The FEV1/FVC ratio is always less than normal in a person with pulmonary fibrosis.

A

F

51
Q

True or False? Sensory receptors in the lung and chest wall regulate the tidal volume and frequency of breathing to minimize the work of breathing for any given work load.

A

T

52
Q

True or False? In a person with emphysema, both a decreases in the number of pulmonary capillaries and blockage of small airways increases pulmonary vascular resistance.

A

T

53
Q

True or False? Prolonged exposure to a decrease in PI(O2) at altitude will cause the content of oxygen in the blood to increases primarily due to an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen.

A

F

54
Q

True or False? Both shunt and alveolar dead space can occur in the lung at the same time and cause a decrease in the Pa(O2)

A

T

55
Q

True or False? During an inspiration, most of the air will enter the bottom of the lung because it has more recoil pressure than the top of the lung.

A

F

56
Q

True or False? The driving pressure of oxygen across the end of the pulmonary capillary is 60 mmHg.

A

F

57
Q

True or False? In a person with anemia who has half the amount of normal hemoglobin, the saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood will be half of normal

A

F

58
Q

True or False? The driving pressure for CO2 across the lungs is about 10% of that for O2 at the end of pulmonary capillary because CO2 is more soluble than O2 in the alveolar/ capillary membrane.

A

F

59
Q

True or False? When a person returns to sea level after living at high altitude for 2 months, the Ca(O2) will be less than normal.

A

F

60
Q

True or False? The flat portion of the oxygen dissociation curve allows a person to functions reasonably well at altitudes up to 10,000 ft.

A

T

61
Q

Factors that will cause an increases in residual volume:

A

increases in minimum volume of the lung, decrease in chest wall compliance, increases in the chest wall resting volume

62
Q

In which direction does the equals pressure point movements if airway resistance increases?

A

toward the alveoli

63
Q

What wil shif thee oxyhemoglobin curve to the left?

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

64
Q

How are oxygen pressure and oxygen concentration affected in an anemic patient?

A

oxygen pressure is normal and oxygen concentration is reduced

65
Q

Does doexygenated or oxygenated hemoglobin have more amine groups availalble to bind with CO2?

A

deoxy

66
Q

Does doexygenated or oxygenated hemoglobin have a higher affinity for H+?

A

deoxyhemoglobin

67
Q

If the breathing frequency of a patient on a ventilator is increased without a change in tidal volume how will PA(Co2) and total ventilation be affected?

A

PA(Co2) decreases, total ventilation increases

68
Q

True or False? Increasing Fi(O2) in lobar pneumonia will have little effect.

A

T

69
Q

Where is ventilation highest in the lungs of an individual in the upright position?

A

base

70
Q

Where in the lungs is alveolar P(Co2) highest in the lungs of an individual in the upright position?

A

highest at the base

71
Q

Where in the lungs is perfusion highest in the lungs of an individual in the upright position?

A

base of the lungs

72
Q

What happens in the early stages of acidosis?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated, PA(CO2) is less than normal, arterial pH is less than normal, and central chemoreceptor extracellular fluid pH is more than normal.

73
Q

Factors that will increase perfusion through the lungs:

A

decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance, increases in the arterial to venous pressure gradient, increases in cardiac output

74
Q

What increases in a person with emphysema?

A

Residual volume increases because of an increase in lung compliance AND Residual volume increases due to flow limitations that cause air trapping

75
Q

Neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system:

A

acetylcholine

76
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes:

A

blood vessel dilation

77
Q

Result of the spinal cord being cut at T7:

A

ability to cough is decreased

78
Q

How is expired ventilation changed in a parson with pulmonary fibrosis?

A

increases in order to maintain normal alveolar ventilation

79
Q

True or False? Diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar/ capillary membrane increases in a person with pulmonary fibrosis.

A

F. decreases

80
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis results in (decreased/ increased) compliance.

A

decreases

81
Q

Is the ventilation/ perfusion ratio increased or decreased in a person with a pulmonary embolism/

A

increased

82
Q

Why situation eh PA(O2) less than the PI(O2)?

A

because water vapor pressure increases during inspiration and because oxygen is constantly diffusing into the pulmonary capillaries

83
Q

PaO2 will be less than normal if:

A

alveolar dead space increases

84
Q

What are the effects of acetylcholine on the conducting airways?

A

causes smooth muscle contraction (released from parasympathetic neurons)

85
Q

How to increase th overall VA/Q ratio:

A

decrease alveolar dead space, increase the amount of extrapulmonary shunt, or movements from he long down to standing position

86
Q

What is DL(O2)?

A

diffusing capacity of the lung for oxygen

87
Q

True or False? DL(O2) will decrease if the PI(O2) increases.

A

F. increases if it increases

88
Q

True or False? If a person has a lung removed their DLO2 will decrease.

A

T

89
Q

Why does DLO2 increase during exercise?

A

due to recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

90
Q

Partial pressure of O2 in the systemic veins:

A

40 mm Hg

91
Q

Is partial pressure of O2 in the systemic veins of a person during exercise higher or lower than 40 mm Hg/

A

lower

92
Q

Is partial pressure of O2 in the systemic veins of a person with cyanide poisoning higher or lower than 40 mm Hg?

A

higher

93
Q

Factors that increases the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in arterial blood:

A

increase in the PO2, decreases in the PCO2, decreases in the hydrogen ion concentration, decrease in temperature

94
Q

True or False? As blood moves through the systemic capillaries the amounts of both dissolved CO2 and HbCO2 increase.

A

T

95
Q

What can an increase in the PI(O2) in a a person with emphysema cause?

A

decreases in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, increase in the PaO2, increase in the DL(O2), and a decrease in the thickness of the alveolar/ capillary membrane

96
Q

Does blood pH increase or decrease as it moves through the systemic capillaries?

A

decreases

97
Q

What % of transported oxygen is dissolved in plasma/

A

2%

98
Q

The pressure of the chest wall is equal and opposite the pressure of the lungs at what point in a normal respiratory breath?

A

at FRC and at the end of expiration

99
Q

In a person who is standing, does the top of the lung of the bottom have a greater air flow than blood flow?

A

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Physiology (55 decks)

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