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Physiology > Section 5 Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Section 5 Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? Inspiration is active at all lungs volumes.

A

F. not for FRC

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2
Q

When does expiration because active?

A

exercise, cough, vomiting, ling disease that increases airway resistance, speaking and singing

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3
Q

True or False? The more a muscle stretches the more force it can generate.

A

F. more stretch = less force

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4
Q

What results if the recoil > chest wall force?

A

FRC decreases

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5
Q

What results if the muscles of contraction are weak/

A

FRC decreases (why? I would think it would increase)

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6
Q

an instrument for measuring changes in volume in lungs:

A

plethysmograph

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7
Q

What can lead to premature airway closure?

A

plethysmograph > helium (?)

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8
Q

Transpulmonary pressure is aka:

A

transmural pressure

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9
Q

Transpulmonary pressure =

A

alveolar - pleural pressures

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10
Q

P (w) is:

A

Transmural pressure across the chest wall

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11
Q

P (w) =

A

pleural - barometric pressure

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12
Q

P (rs) (respiratory system) =

A

transmural pressure surrounding lungs + transmural pressure across chest wall OR alvelor - barometric pressure

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13
Q

What does a spirometer tracing show?

A

lung volumes and capacities

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14
Q

FRC =

A

residual volume + ERV

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15
Q

Vital capacity =

A

ERV + Tidal volume + IRV

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16
Q

Inspiratory capacity =

A

Tidal volume + IRV

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17
Q

Avg tidal volume:

A

500 mL

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18
Q

Avg IRV:

A

3000 mL

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19
Q

Avg ERV:

A

1100 mL

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20
Q

Avg vital capacity:

A

4600 mL

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21
Q

Pulmonary volumes, men vs. women:

A

5800 vs. 4200 (the graph was for a man)

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22
Q

Primary determinants of lung volume:

A

sex, age, height (20% variability)

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23
Q

Avg RV/ TLC ratio:

A

25%

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24
Q

Elevated RV/ TLC ratio secondary to RV elevation:

A

obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic bronchitis)

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25
Q

Elevated RV/ TLC ratio secondary to TLC decrease:

A

restrictive lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis)

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26
Q

Factors affecting the RV/ TLC ration:

A

elastic recoil of lung, compliance, muscle strength of inspiratory muscles, recoil of the chest wall

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27
Q

How is FRC affected if the chest wall muscles are weak?

A

FRC decreases, lung elastic recoil > chest wall muscle force

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28
Q

How is FRC affected if there is an airway obstruction?

A

FRC increases (premature airway closure)

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29
Q

How are measurements of RV and TLC taken?

A

body plethysmography or helium dilution

30
Q

C(1) X V(1) =

A

C(2) X (V(1) + V(2)

31
Q

P(1) (this is pressure before inspiration) X V (V is FRC) =

A

P(2) (V - delta v) (P(2) is pressure after inspiration)

32
Q

True or False? Less than half of the FVC is exhaled during FEV(1).

A

F More than half, about 3/4

33
Q

Average FEV1/FVC ratio:

A

3L/4L = 75%

34
Q

What factors decrease FEV(1) /FVC ratio?

A

decrease muscle strength, increases airways resistance, increases lungs compliance

35
Q

What causes the increase in resistance in emphysema?

A

smooth muscle constriction and mucus plugging of the airways

36
Q

Which lungs volumes increases and which decrease in emphysema?

A

increase: V, FRC, and TLC, decrease: VC and FEV

37
Q

FEV(1)/FVC ratio in patient with emphysema

A

1L/3L (33%)

38
Q

How are FEV and FVC related?

A

FEV = 1/ FVC

39
Q

Peek expiratory flow rate occurs around how many liters of air expired?

40
Q

What % of VC is expired at the peek expiratory flow rate?

41
Q

True or False? Recoil of the lungs increases in inspiration.

42
Q

FEF from 15-75% is called:

A

Mid maximal expiratory flow (MMEF)

43
Q

How will increasing R affect the FEF?

A

decrease (R = resistance?)

44
Q

Lungs compliance =

A

delta V/ delta P

45
Q

Compliance must be corrected for:

A

changes in lungs volume

46
Q

Diseases that cause a reduction in compliance:

A

emphysema, obstructive pulmonary fibrosis or restrictive diseases

47
Q

What kind of flow occurs in the small airways?

A

laminar flow

48
Q

Velocity in airways =

A

P(pi)(r^4)/8nl

49
Q

R =

50
Q

delta P/V =

A

8nl/(pi)(r^4)

51
Q

Are the small airways in parallel or series?

52
Q

Factors contributing to airway resistance:

A

resistance decreases with lung volume, conductance, density of inspired gas, neural control of airway, irritants, and agents

53
Q

Conductance =

A

1/Resistance

54
Q

How is the density of inspired gas affected by pressure?

A

increases pressure, increases density

55
Q

True or False? Lung volume resistance increases as lung volume decreases.

A

F. resistance decreases as lung volume decreases

56
Q

Stimulation of what increases resistance due to airway constriction via smooth muscle?

A

efferent vagal nerves

57
Q

List agents that can contribute to airway resistance:

A

histamine, acetylocholine, throboane A(2), prostoglandin F(2), and leukotrienes due to allergens and viral infections

58
Q

Effect of the postganglionic neurotransmitter Norepinephrine on airway resistance:

A

inhibits constriction, stimulation of sympathetic

59
Q

Maximum inspiratory flow is __ dependent.

A

effort (1/2 TLC and RV)

60
Q

Does force increase or decrease with lung volume?

61
Q

Does recoil pressure increase or decrease with lung volume?

62
Q

Does resistance increase or decrease with lung volume?

63
Q

True or False? Expiratory flow resistance is effort-dependent.

A

F. effort-independent

64
Q

When does compression of the airways occur?

A

P outside > P inside

65
Q

Crackles are caused by:

A

the “popping open” of small airways and alveoli collapsed by fluid, exudate, or lack of aeration during expiration.

66
Q

what are the inherent mechanical properties of the lung?

A

elastic and flow resistance forces

67
Q

OABCD:

A

elastic resistance

68
Q

AECF:

A

non elastic resistance

69
Q

AECB:

A

non elastic resistance during inspiration

70
Q

ABCF:

A

non elastic resistance during expiration

71
Q

What % of total body O2 gas flow does the body normally require?

72
Q

The expired flow rate can be increased up to:

A

15-20% of total body O2 gas flow

Physiology (55 decks)

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