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Physiology > Section 6 pituitary Anatomy > Flashcards

Section 6 pituitary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

No projections of neurons into this lobe:

A

anterior

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2
Q

What triggers the neuron synthesizing topic hormones?

A

Activity of hypothalamus, floods endocrine cells in anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

True or False? Many neurons are needed in the hypothalamus to release hormones.

A

F. only a few

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4
Q

slice infindibulum:

A

cut off communication of both the portal system and the neural lobe, neurons may regenerate, project down, and regain some function, no blood supply will come back to anterior pituitary gland.

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5
Q

Controls of hypothalamic centers:

A

heat, energy, hunger, satiety, body mass, BP, HR, sweat, blood volume, intake-thirst, output-urine volume, metabolic rate, stress, growth, reproduction, lactation

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6
Q

True or False? Pain can act on the neurons that control the pituitary gland, i.e. hear baby cry and start lactating

A

T. let down reflex

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7
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortins (POMC):

A

ACTH, ADH (adrenal control)

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8
Q

Two subunit glycoprotieins:

A

TSH, LH, FSH, alpha unit is the same to all these

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9
Q

3 classes of hormones released from anterior pituitary gland:

A

glycoprotieins, pro-opiomelanocortins, large single chain proteins

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10
Q

Large single chain proteins:

A

GH, prolactin

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11
Q

Are PMC’s small or large?

A

small

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12
Q

ACTH is released by this cell:

A

corticotroph

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to activate or inhibit the corticotroph cell?

A

corticotropin-Release Hormone (CRH)

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14
Q

how does the CRH get from the hypothalamus to the corticotrophs?

A

potral circulatory

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15
Q

ACTH affects what target?

A

adrenal cortex (growth and function of gland)

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16
Q

Inhibiting hormones of ACTH, PIMC, MSH, B-lipotropin, gammea-lippotropin, B-endorphin, N-terminal peptide:

A

none

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17
Q

Major cleavage products of POMC:

A

ACTH, different versions of MSHs, endorphins, and others.

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18
Q

Corticotroph tumor or tumor secreting lots of ATCH:

A

processed via POMC (pro hormone), over-secreting ACTH, MSH, and other fragments, pigmentation coloration change

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19
Q

High secretion of ACTH:

A

darker pigmentation on inside of lips, tongue, and mucosa of mouth

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20
Q

alpha units are all the same for:

A

Two subunit glycoproteins (LH, FSH, TSH)

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21
Q

Cell type for LH:

A

gonadotroph (10-15% of cells)

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22
Q

TSH is aka:

A

Thyrotropin

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23
Q

Release hormone for TSH:

A

TRH (3 amm)

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24
Q

Inhibiting hormone of TSH:

A

Somatostatin

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25
Q

Somatostatin (ss) is always:

A

inhibitory factor/ hormone

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26
Q

Release hormone of LH and FSH:

A

GnRH

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27
Q

Target of LH:

A

Testis (testosterone), ovary (Estrogen/Progesterone synthesis, Follicular ovulation)

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28
Q

Only2 hormones synthesized by the same cell type:

A

LH and FSH

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29
Q

Cell type of FSH:

A

gonadotroph

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30
Q

Target of FSH:

A

sperm maturation, follicular growith

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31
Q

Cell type of GH:

A

Somatotroph (40-55%), Preg: decrease size and number

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32
Q

Functions of GH:

A

Full body metabolism and growth

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33
Q

Release hormone f GH:

A

GHRH

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34
Q

Inhibiting hormone of GH:

A

SS (aka GHIH)

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35
Q

Target of GH:

A

Liver and other tissues, growth, development, metabolic

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36
Q

Dopamine tonically inhibits mammotroph from releasing:

A

prolactin

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37
Q

Cell type of prolactin:

A

Mammotroph (10-25%)(lactotroph) Preg: increase size and number

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38
Q

Release hormone of prolactin:

A

Prolactin-releasign factors (?) TRH

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39
Q

Inhibiting hormone of Prolactin:

A

Prolactin-inhibitiing factors (?) (GAP*) Dopamine SS

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40
Q

Target of Prolactin:

A

Breast, lactation, growth, milk, suppresed menstrual functions

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41
Q

slic infidibulum, how are hormone levels affected:

A

Prolactin increases because there is no inhibition via portal system (connection wiped out) but TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH are inhibited. constant inhibitory affect by the hypothalamus on prolactin secretion

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42
Q

pituitary gland controlled by:

A

hypothalamus and higher brain centers

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43
Q

endocrine part of adrenal gland:

A

cortex

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44
Q

secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (glucose homeostasis), extension of sympathetic nervous system:

A

adrenal medulla

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45
Q

Counter regulatory to insulin:

A

glucagon

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46
Q

What controls the placenta?

A

none, autonomous, proesterone, estrogen, sometotropins, etc.

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47
Q

Major feedback mechanism in biology:

A

negative feedback

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48
Q

Location of pituitary gland:

A

base of skull, out pouching of brain

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49
Q

What lobe is the posterior pituitary gland?

A

neural lobe, neurohypophysis

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50
Q

True or False? There are synapse-synapse connections between the neural lobe and the hypothalamus

A

no synaptic connection, synapses neuron to capillary bed

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51
Q

To where does the structure of the pituitary gland project?

A

sphenoid process

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52
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary gland made of?

A

endocrine tissue

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53
Q

Where are the cell bodies located for the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamic nuclei

54
Q

True or False? Neurons release ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

A

T

55
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Projections from the hypothalamus

56
Q

True or False? Both the anterior and posterior pituitary gland are controlled by the hypothalamus.

A

T

57
Q

Neurons of the pituitary gland synapes here:

A

capillary bed

58
Q

Where are the hormones synthesized in the cell?

A

cell body

59
Q

Communication in pituitary gland:

A

is a hormones released from synapse into circulation

60
Q

Hormone involved in stress

A

ACTH

61
Q

How are endocrine cells controlled?

A

hypothalamus

62
Q

adenohypophesis communication:

A

portal capillary circulation a, capacity, vein, cap, vein

63
Q

Function of portal capillary system:

A

Transmit signals from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophyis)

64
Q

Does the posterior or anterior pituitary gland require a factor?

A

anterior

65
Q

Benefit of portal system (?)

A

Direct connection of a small pool of neurons

66
Q

Urinating too much can be a sign of:

A

damage to infindibulum

67
Q

Brain regions that provide input to the hypothalamus:

A

Reticular activating substance (sleep wake), Thalamus (pain), Neocortex to Limbic System (Emotion, fright, rage, smell), visual system, auditory system

68
Q

What systems are controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

visceral systems

69
Q

What controls the hypothalamus?

A

higher centers

70
Q

Which hormone is derived from a precursor protein/

A

ACTH

71
Q

Which are the 2 subunit hormones?

A

LH, FSH, TSH (affect both men and women, way to remember)

72
Q

What % of cells in the anterior pituitary gland are corticotrophins?

A

15-20%

73
Q

How many amino acids is ACTH made of?

A

39

74
Q

What is the main POMC?

A

ACTH

75
Q

From where are inhibiting and activating hormones released

A

neurons

76
Q

What cell type releases MSH?

A

corticotrophs

77
Q

Clinical indication that the ACTH system is out of whack>

A

change in intraoral pigment coloration

78
Q

Percentage of cells that are Thyrotrophs:

A

(3-5%)

79
Q

Is GH more involved in growth or whole body metabolism?

A

whole body metabolism

80
Q

How many amino acids is somatostatin composed of?

A

14

81
Q

What percentage of tissues is the mammotroph (lactotroph) made of?

A

10-25%

82
Q

Major controller of prolactin:

A

contant inhibition via dopamine

83
Q

How many amino acids is GH made of?

A

191

84
Q

How many amino acids is prolactin made of?

A

199

85
Q

True or False? prolactin is involved in milk ejection.

A

F. oxytocin is

86
Q

Another function of prolactin:

A

suppress the menstrual cycle, longer you breast feed the longer it will be before your next cycle

87
Q

For all except prolactin, if you cut the infundibulum stalk:

A

All the levels of the other hormones will decrease

88
Q

Constantly inhibit the production of prolactin:

A

dopaminergic neurons, gets rid of the dopamine influence

89
Q

Levels of this hormone are low during the day and rise 1-2 hours after you fall asleep:

A

GH, go to sleep and you will grow (mom says :-))

90
Q

True or False? The growth spike from GH diminishes with age.

A

T

91
Q

What will inhibit GH?

A

High carbohydrates, cortisol, ss

92
Q

Will wil upregulate GH production?

A

Arginine

93
Q

Pituitary stalk is aka:

A

Median eminence

94
Q

Functions of cell bodies of posterior pituitary gland

A

make, produce and process hormones

95
Q

True or False? Posterior pituitary gland hormones are large hormones.

A

F. 9 amino acids, nonapeptides

96
Q

Half life of short peptides:

A

minutes to hours

97
Q

Steroids require this for transport in system:

A

carrier protein

98
Q

What is Arginine vasopressin?

A

ADH

99
Q

In which nuclei are oxytocin and ADH made?

A

supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN)

100
Q

Classic response to oxytocin

A

effects on both breast tissue and uterus, cause contractile activity in muscle cells or myoepithelial cells that surround duct and breast tissues. Squeeze blind sacs filled with milk and allow milk ejection

101
Q

What cells make milk?

A

Acing cells in ductal tissues

102
Q

Myometrium is what?

A

smooth muscle cells of the uterus

103
Q

Delivery (of baby):

A

partruition

104
Q

True or False? Oxytocin is the trigger for birth.

A

F. Oxytocin can be used (patosin) pharmacologically to induce labor, but not the physiological trigger for labor

105
Q

True or False? All biologically systems have a feedback system to maintain homeostasis.

A

T

106
Q

The uterus is line with what type of fibers?

A

C fibers (pain receptors)

107
Q

Stimulate cervix and stretch receptors and this will happen:

A

stimulate activation of pathways that lead to oxytocin release

108
Q

How does oxytocin travel to the uterus?

A

Systemic circulation

109
Q

Pushing the baby out will:

A

lead to more dilation, this is a positive feedback mechanism

110
Q

What leads to the release of stretch receptor activation?

A

birth of baby

111
Q

Myometrium contributes to this, in addition to pushing baby out:

A

delivery of the placenta

112
Q

Muscle squeezing:

A

cuts off blood supply to the baby, ascetic, squeezing due to oxytocin leads to vasoconstriction so that mom doesn’t bleed to death

113
Q

What type of feedback system is related to breast feeding?

A

positive

114
Q

What can happen in conjunction with breast feeding?

A

contractions, helps to bring the uterus back to prepregnacy size, let down reflex

115
Q

Sex hormone:

A

oxytocin, receptors all throughout brain, involved in stress, empathy, social body, increased during sexual activity, increased bonding

116
Q

Polymorphisms in oxytocin receptors:

A

behave differently, different levels of stress and different empathy

117
Q

Strong stimuli from ADH:

A

cardiovascular effects

118
Q

Controls of ADH release:

A

Osmoreceptors, volume/ pressure receptors

119
Q

Vasopressor action:

A

increase blood pressure

120
Q

2 systems that are activated to regulate ADH:

A

cardiovascular system and CNS

121
Q

ADH effect these 2 systems:

A

kidney and cardiovascular system, pee less or drink more

122
Q

Location of plasma receptors:

A

AV3V

123
Q

Direct stimulation of supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei:

A

AV3V

124
Q

2 things AV3V activates:

A

thirst and supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei, to add water to body

125
Q

True or False? The thirst mechanisms has an immediate response.

A

F. delayed

126
Q

How dehydrated are you by the time you sense thirst?

A

0.5 to 1L

127
Q

Where is low pasta volume sensed?

A

changes in blood volume and plasma volume heart, aortic and carotid baroreceptors, stretch receptors (C fibers and other A type fibers)

128
Q

When blood pressure is high how is the CNS affected?

A

shut down

129
Q

True or False? When blood volume decreases more neural input is sent to the CNS to increase blood volumes.

A

F. less neural input

130
Q

True or False? Decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure will lead to the recruitment of extracellular fluid.

A

F.

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