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Biology > Section 22.2- The Design of the Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Section 22.2- The Design of the Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

God designed the cell to be composed primarily of four main elements:

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

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2
Q

the three main parts of every cell in plants, man, and animals

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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3
Q

the outer boundary layer of the cell that separates the cell and its environment and controls what eneters and leaves the cell

A

cell membranesere

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4
Q

serves as the fluid medium for the many molecules and organelles

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

middle of cell

contains the genetic material of the cell and serves as the cell’s master control center

A

nucleus

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6
Q

the contents of human and animal cells are separated from the outside environment by a very, thin, flexible barrier called the

A

cell membrance

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7
Q

a cell membrane is composed of special lipid molecules called

A

phospholipids

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8
Q

added to phospholipids to maintain desired flexibility

A

cholestrol

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9
Q

the phospholipid molecules cluster backs to back, forming a two-layered structure referred to as a

A

lipid bilayer

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10
Q

embedded in the membrane

carry out important functions

A

membrane proteins

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11
Q

a network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

membrane skeleton

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12
Q

the fibers of the membrane skeleton of red blood cells are made from strong, cablelike protein called

A

spectrin

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13
Q

many of the spectrin reinforcement fibers are attached to

A

actin filaments

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14
Q

the cell membrane is _________________

allows water and SOME small molecules to cross freely through it

A

semipermeable membrane

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15
Q

membrane proteins that allow the cell to pump atoms nto or out of the cell in order to preserve the right ion balance

A

ion pumps

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16
Q

proteins serve as

A

portals or gates

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17
Q

proteins that inform the cell about the outside environment are

A

receptors

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18
Q

serve as identification tags that allow other cells to recognize the cell’s identity

A

molecular tags

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19
Q

a rigid, boxlike structure outisde the cell membrane that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton

A

cell wall

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20
Q

material manufactured by the plant cell to make the cell wall stiffer

A

lignin

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21
Q

within the cell is a jelly-like fluid known as the

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

the cytoplasm contains an extraordinary diversity of

A

organelles

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23
Q

most of the activities of life occur within the

A

cytoplasm and its organelles

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24
Q

large protein molecules that carry out various chemical reactions to produce energy, transform raw materials, or break down old proteins

A

enzymes

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25
Q

the cell’s intricate internal skeleton that helps it maintain shape

A

cytoskeleton

26
Q

the cytoskeleton of a cell is composed primarily of

hollow, rodlike, filaments composed of a protein called tubulin

A

microtubules

27
Q

smaller actin filaments in the cytoskeleton that act as cables, girdles, and winches

A

intermediate filaments

28
Q

act as the “highway system” for the cell

A

microtubules

29
Q

proteins produced in ribosomes can be packaged in special containers called

A

vesticles

30
Q

the dynamic behavior of the microtubules is coordinated in every cell by the

A

microtubule-organizing center

31
Q

the microtubule-organizing center is a structure located near the nucleus at the center of the cell called

A

centrosome

32
Q

a pair of cylindrical structures made of tubulin

play an important part in cell movement and divison

A

centrioles

33
Q

a well-known protozoa that moves about by adjusting its cytoskeleton to change its shape

A

amoeba

34
Q

the power plants of a cell are organelles known as

A

mitochondria

35
Q

oxidizes or burns carbohydrates and fats and uses the energy to produce ATP

A

mitochondria

36
Q

part of the mitochondrion that contains many pores and allows molecules to pass through

A

outer membrane

37
Q

part of the mitochondrion that is highly folded and very selective in what it permits to pass through

where many of the energy generating reactions take place

A

inner membrane

38
Q

the space at the core of the mitochondrion

A

matrix

39
Q

the space between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion

A

intermembrane space

40
Q

one of the major differences between plant and animals cells is the presence in plant cells of

very complex organelles similar in design to mitochondria

A

chloroplasts

41
Q

within the folded membrane of the chloroplast occur the complex reactions of

A

photosynthesis

42
Q

some of the most important moelcules in a cell are

A

proteins

43
Q

in a living cell, proteins are manufactured by special “protein factories” called

A

ribosomes

44
Q

ribosomes follow blueprint from the cell’s nucleus to assemble amino acids into complex proteins through process called

A

translation

45
Q

the most important molecular machines in a mitochondrion are the

are embedded in the mitochondrion’s inner membrane

A

ATP synthases

46
Q

a tiny, ion powered turbogenerator

A

ATP synthases

47
Q

a network of interconnected sacs and tubules that is connected to the nucleus and extends throughout much of the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

48
Q

the ribosome attaches itself to the ER and injects the protein directly into the ER’s internal cavity known as the

A

ER lumen

49
Q

the two types of ER

A

rough ER
smooth ER

50
Q

structures that serve as the shipping centers of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

51
Q

the purpose of the Golgi apparatus is to

A
  1. receive proteins from the rough ER
  2. modify them if needed
  3. package them in vesicles
  4. ship them to their final destinations
52
Q

proteins that are going to the same destinations are loaded into a container called

is attached to a nearby microtuble

A

vesicle

53
Q

a special type of vesicle that function as a recycling center

A

Lysosomes

54
Q

one of the most obvious characteristics of the cytoplasm in plant cells is the presence of

storage space

A

vacuoles

55
Q

one of the largest and most important cells parts

the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

56
Q

the master program of the cells is encoded in molecules of

A

DNA

57
Q

the nucleus id separated from the rest of the cell by the

A

nuclear envelope

58
Q

large protein complexes that serve as gates, regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

59
Q

the main function of the nucleus is to

A
  1. store and maintain the cell’s DNA blueprints
  2. retrieve information from the DNA as the cells need it
60
Q

the DNA and the proteins associated with it

fill the bulk of the nucleus

A

chromatin

61
Q

distinct region embedded within the nucleus

where the ribosomes are assembled

A

nucleolus

Biology (48 decks)

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