Section 22.2- The Design of the Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
God designed the cell to be composed primarily of four main elements:
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
the three main parts of every cell in plants, man, and animals
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
the outer boundary layer of the cell that separates the cell and its environment and controls what eneters and leaves the cell
cell membranesere
serves as the fluid medium for the many molecules and organelles
cytoplasm
middle of cell
contains the genetic material of the cell and serves as the cell’s master control center
nucleus
the contents of human and animal cells are separated from the outside environment by a very, thin, flexible barrier called the
cell membrance
a cell membrane is composed of special lipid molecules called
phospholipids
added to phospholipids to maintain desired flexibility
cholestrol
the phospholipid molecules cluster backs to back, forming a two-layered structure referred to as a
lipid bilayer
embedded in the membrane
carry out important functions
membrane proteins
a network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
membrane skeleton
the fibers of the membrane skeleton of red blood cells are made from strong, cablelike protein called
spectrin
many of the spectrin reinforcement fibers are attached to
actin filaments
the cell membrane is _________________
allows water and SOME small molecules to cross freely through it
semipermeable membrane
membrane proteins that allow the cell to pump atoms nto or out of the cell in order to preserve the right ion balance
ion pumps
proteins serve as
portals or gates
proteins that inform the cell about the outside environment are
receptors
serve as identification tags that allow other cells to recognize the cell’s identity
molecular tags
a rigid, boxlike structure outisde the cell membrane that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton
cell wall
material manufactured by the plant cell to make the cell wall stiffer
lignin
within the cell is a jelly-like fluid known as the
cytoplasm
the cytoplasm contains an extraordinary diversity of
organelles
most of the activities of life occur within the
cytoplasm and its organelles
large protein molecules that carry out various chemical reactions to produce energy, transform raw materials, or break down old proteins
enzymes
the cell’s intricate internal skeleton that helps it maintain shape
cytoskeleton
the cytoskeleton of a cell is composed primarily of
hollow, rodlike, filaments composed of a protein called tubulin
microtubules
smaller actin filaments in the cytoskeleton that act as cables, girdles, and winches
intermediate filaments
act as the “highway system” for the cell
microtubules
proteins produced in ribosomes can be packaged in special containers called
vesticles
the dynamic behavior of the microtubules is coordinated in every cell by the
microtubule-organizing center
the microtubule-organizing center is a structure located near the nucleus at the center of the cell called
centrosome
a pair of cylindrical structures made of tubulin
play an important part in cell movement and divison
centrioles
a well-known protozoa that moves about by adjusting its cytoskeleton to change its shape
amoeba
the power plants of a cell are organelles known as
mitochondria
oxidizes or burns carbohydrates and fats and uses the energy to produce ATP
mitochondria
part of the mitochondrion that contains many pores and allows molecules to pass through
outer membrane
part of the mitochondrion that is highly folded and very selective in what it permits to pass through
where many of the energy generating reactions take place
inner membrane
the space at the core of the mitochondrion
matrix
the space between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion
intermembrane space
one of the major differences between plant and animals cells is the presence in plant cells of
very complex organelles similar in design to mitochondria
chloroplasts
within the folded membrane of the chloroplast occur the complex reactions of
photosynthesis
some of the most important moelcules in a cell are
proteins
in a living cell, proteins are manufactured by special “protein factories” called
ribosomes
ribosomes follow blueprint from the cell’s nucleus to assemble amino acids into complex proteins through process called
translation
the most important molecular machines in a mitochondrion are the
are embedded in the mitochondrion’s inner membrane
ATP synthases
a tiny, ion powered turbogenerator
ATP synthases
a network of interconnected sacs and tubules that is connected to the nucleus and extends throughout much of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
the ribosome attaches itself to the ER and injects the protein directly into the ER’s internal cavity known as the
ER lumen
the two types of ER
rough ER
smooth ER
structures that serve as the shipping centers of the cell
Golgi apparatus
the purpose of the Golgi apparatus is to
- receive proteins from the rough ER
- modify them if needed
- package them in vesicles
- ship them to their final destinations
proteins that are going to the same destinations are loaded into a container called
is attached to a nearby microtuble
vesicle
a special type of vesicle that function as a recycling center
Lysosomes
one of the most obvious characteristics of the cytoplasm in plant cells is the presence of
storage space
vacuoles
one of the largest and most important cells parts
the control center of the cell
nucleus
the master program of the cells is encoded in molecules of
DNA
the nucleus id separated from the rest of the cell by the
nuclear envelope
large protein complexes that serve as gates, regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
nuclear pores
the main function of the nucleus is to
- store and maintain the cell’s DNA blueprints
- retrieve information from the DNA as the cells need it
the DNA and the proteins associated with it
fill the bulk of the nucleus
chromatin
distinct region embedded within the nucleus
where the ribosomes are assembled
nucleolus
