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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the framework of the human body

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

approximate number of bones in the body

A

206

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3
Q

system that functions together with the skeletal system and the nervous system to make body movements possible

A

muscular system

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4
Q

the broad divisions that the skeletal system consists of

A

axial
appendicular

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5
Q

the “backbone” of the skeletal system is

A

axial skeleton

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6
Q

refers to the bones of the appendages, shoulder, and hips

A

appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

the skull can be divided into two main parts ….

A

cranium
facial bones

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8
Q

that largest portion of the skull

A

cranium

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9
Q

made up of 8 bones joined tightly together to form the armored shell for the brain

A

cranium

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10
Q

important cranial bones

A

frontal bone (forehead)
parietal bones (top of the head)
temporal bones (side of the head)
occipital bones (back of the head)

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11
Q

tough membranes made of fibrous connective tissue that connect the bones of an infant’s cranium

A

fontanels

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12
Q

fontanels are the ________ spots on the top and back of the infant’s head

A

soft

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13
Q

uneven lines at which the cranial bones are tightly joined together after the fontanel disappears

A

sutures

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14
Q

serve as the framework of the face and jaw

A

facial skeleton

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15
Q

number of bones in the facial skeleton

A

14

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16
Q

the most important of the facial bones

A

maxillary bones

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17
Q

form the central portion of the face and serve as the attachments for your upper teeth

A

two maxillary bones

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18
Q

the maxillary bones with the _______ bones form the roof of the mouth (aka the palate)

A

palatine

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19
Q

the only movable bone of the skull and is held to the cranium by ligaments

A

mandible

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20
Q

tissues that join bone to other bones

A

ligaments

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21
Q

an important bone hidden in the upper neck, just above the larynx is the U-shaped

A

hyoid bone

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22
Q

the smallest bones the human body are the three middle ear bones: ______ ________ and ______

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

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23
Q

the chief structural member of the body

A

vertebral column ( aka spine, spinal column, backbone)

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24
Q

a massive, columnlike structure that in adults consists of 33 segments called vertebrae

A

vertebral column

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25
Q

disks of flexible cartilage which allow the spine to bend and twist somewhat and also act as shock absorbers

A

intervertebral disks

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26
Q

a tough, rubber connects tissue that cushions the joints between bones

A

cartilage

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27
Q

five regions of the vertebral column

A

cervical,
thoracic,
lumbar,
sacral or pelvic,
caudal or coccygeal

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28
Q

the cervical vertebrae that forms the neck is made of _______ vertebrae

A

7

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29
Q

the longest segment of the vertebral column is the

A

thoracic vertebrae

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30
Q

number of vertebrae in the thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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31
Q

the largest vertebrae

A

lumbar vertebrae

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32
Q

number of vertebrae in the lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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33
Q

the vertebrae in the pelvic region that are five separate vertebrae in infants but are fused into a single bone called the sacrum in adults

A

sacral vertebrae

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34
Q

is joined rigidly to the hip bones to form the foundation of the spine

A

sacrum

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35
Q

four tiny, separate vertebrae beneath the sacrum that are fused together into single bone in adults

A

coccyx

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36
Q

an attachment for various muscles that allow us to stand in an upright position and aid in eliminating wastes

A

coccyx or tailbone

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37
Q

the uppermost of the cervical vertebrae which is the mounting to which the head is connected

A

atlas

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38
Q

the second cervical vertebra which serves as the base for the atlas

A

axis

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39
Q

a severe lateral curvature of the spine is known as

A

scoliosis

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40
Q

the vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity are protected by the bones of the chest which make up the

A

thoracic cavity

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41
Q

the most prominent bones of the thoracic cage

long, curved bones that attached to the thoracic vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front

A

ribs

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42
Q

short segments of flexible cartilage that attach the sternum indirectly to the sternum

A

costal cartilage

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43
Q

the upper seven pairs of ribs

A

true ribs

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44
Q

the ribs that do no connect to the sternum

A

false ribs

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45
Q

the bottom two pairs of false ribs

A

floating ribs

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46
Q

includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and the appendages

A

appendicular skeleton

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47
Q

the collective name for the shoulder bones which includes the shoulder blades and the collarbones

A

pectoral girdle

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48
Q

the largest bone of the pectoral girdlle

A

shoulder blades (scapulae)

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49
Q

the most freely movable joint in the body

A

shoulder joint

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50
Q

attaches to the top of the sternum and braces each scapula

A

collarbone or clavicle

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51
Q

each upper arm has _______ bones

A

30

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52
Q

the wrist, hand, and fingers make up _______ bones

A

27

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53
Q

the largest of the three bones in the arm which makes up the upper arm

A

humerus

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54
Q

the bone on the same side of your forearm as your little finger

A

ulna

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55
Q

the bone on the same side as you thumb

A

radius

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56
Q

bones of the wrist

A

carpus

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57
Q

the 8 bones that form an intricate assembly which allows the wrist to bend in various directions

A

carpals

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58
Q

compose the base of the thumb and the main part of the hand

A

metacarpals

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59
Q

are attached to the metacarpals and fourteen of them make up the fingers and the thumb

A

phalanges

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60
Q

each finger consists of ________ phalanges
the thumb consists of ________ phalanges

A

3
2

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61
Q

is composed of two large, heavy pelvic bones, forming a rigid ring of thick bone that supports most of the body’s weight

A

pelvis or pelvic girdle

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62
Q

two large, heavey bones that attach to the sacrum of the axial skeleton,

A

pelvic bones

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63
Q

the largest bone of the leg and is also the longest bone in the body that composes the thigh

A

femur

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64
Q

the main weight-bearing bone of the leg which extends from the knee joint to the ankle

A

shinbone or tibia

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65
Q

bone of the lower leg that is much thinner than the tibia and does not attach to the femur

A

fibula

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66
Q

bone found in the front of the knee

A

kneecap or patella

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67
Q

serves as a brace for the tendon that straightens the leg

A

patella

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68
Q

a strong cable of tough fibers that attaches MUSCLE to BONE

A

tendon

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69
Q

the foot is attached to the tibia and fibula by the

A

tarsus (bones of the ankle)

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70
Q

seven bones that are similar to the carpals of the wrist but are thicker and stronger to support the weight of the body

A

tarsals

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71
Q

one of the largest tarsals which is the only tarsal that is directly connected to the tibia and the fibula

A

talus

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72
Q

lying beneath the talus is the largest tarsal called

A

calcaneus ( forms the heel)

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73
Q

five bones in front of the tarsals which correspond to the metacarpals of the hand

A

metatarsals

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74
Q

bones are classified by

A

shape

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75
Q

four groups of bones

A

short
long
flat
irregular

76
Q

the shaft of the bone is called the

A

diaphysis

77
Q

the bulged end of a bone is called the

A

epiphysis

78
Q

bones that are longer than they are wide; mainly support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement

A

long bones

79
Q

examples of long bones

A

humerus
ulna
femur
phalanges

80
Q

bones that roughly cube shaped and are nearly as wide as they are long

A

short bones

81
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals
tarsals

82
Q

bones which are often tasked with protecting vital organs

A

flat bones

83
Q

examples of flat bones

A

ribs
cranial bones

84
Q

bones that cannot be easily classified into one of the first three categories

A

irregular bones

85
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae

86
Q

a protective sheath that encloses the bone as a whole and contains the blood vessels that supply the bones with nutrients

A

periosteum

87
Q

the outer shell of the bone that is composed of a strong, dense substance and gives the bone great strength and rigidity

A

compact bone

88
Q

the lightweight, porous tissue that replaces the dense compact bone in the epiphyses

A

spongy bone

89
Q

special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems

A

red marrow

90
Q

the cavity that houses red marrow int he bones of infants and children

A

medullary cavity or marrow cavity

91
Q

fatty substance that replaces the red marrow in the medullary cavity in adults

A

yellow marrow

92
Q

microscopic crystals that are credited with hardening the bone; contain much calcium and phosphorous

A

hydroxyapatite

93
Q

tough, resilient protein fibers that run between the crystals of hydroxyapatite

A

collagen

94
Q

special cells that constantly move through your bones removing old materials to make room for new

A

osteoclasts

95
Q

cells that move into the Haversian canals, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite

A

osteoblasts

96
Q

minerals and vitamens for the bones

A

calcium
phosphorous
Vitamins D, C, A

97
Q

a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed

A

rickets

98
Q

name for rickets in adults

A

osteomalacia

99
Q

according to whose law do the bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them

A

Wolff’s law

100
Q

when special cells began to construct the forms of your body’s bones out of cartilage or membrane materials; then, once cartilage form is complete, osteoblasts began moving through them, replacing the soft rubbery cartilage with collagen-enforced hydroxyapatite

A

Ossification

101
Q

a break or crack in a bone

A

fracture

102
Q

occurs when a bone breaks cleanly in two places

A

transverse fracture

103
Q

occurs when the bone cracks and bends but remains held together by its collagen fibers

A

greenstick fracture

104
Q

occurs when the bone is twisted or exposed

A

spiral fracture

105
Q

occurs when part of a bone is broken into multiple fragments

A

comminuted fractures

106
Q

occurs when a bone cracks or breaks but does not pierce the skin

A

simple or closed fracture

107
Q

occurs when the broken bone pierces through the skin

A

compound or open fracture

108
Q

bones heal with _________ tissue

A

bone

109
Q

the places where bones join or articulate

A

joints

110
Q

joints of the cranium

A

immovable joints

111
Q

joints between the vertebrae that make some bending and twisting movements possible

A

slightly movable joints

112
Q

the most important joints in the body which allow a wide range of motion

A

freely movable joints or synovial joints

113
Q

tough, slippery substance covering the ends of the bones which serves as bearings that allow the bones to glide smoothly over each other

A

articular cartilage

114
Q

the articular cartilage is lubricated with clear, water-based lubricant which resembles egg whites called

A

synovial fluid

115
Q

the bones are held together by strong bands of fibrous connective tissue

A

ligaments

116
Q

enclosure formed by ligaments which serve as a container for the synovial fluid

A

joint capsule

117
Q

lines the inside of the joint capsule and produces the synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

118
Q

6 types of freely movable joints are

A

hinge
ball and socket
pivot
ellipsoid
gliding
saddle

119
Q

joint which allows a bone to move back and forth in a single plane

A

hinge joint

120
Q

examples of hinge

A

knees
elbows
joints of the fingers

121
Q

the most freely movable joints in which the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone

A

ball and socket

122
Q

joint in which a bone rotates in place against another bone; allows only rotating

A

pivot

123
Q

joints between the metacarpals and phalanges which allow you to move your fingers up, ,down, left and right

A

ellipsoid

124
Q

joints in which one bone merely slides across the surface of another

A

glide

125
Q

joints found only in your hand in which one bone nestles into a saddle-shaped portion of another bone

A

saddle

126
Q

a common degenerative condition of the joints;
inflammation of the joints

A

arthritis

127
Q

the most common form of arthritis in which years of wear and tear on a joint cause the articular cartilage in the joint to deteriorate

A

osteoarthritis

128
Q

arthritis which occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the tissues of a joint

A

rheumatoid arthritis

129
Q

the most common types of joint injury which occurs when the ligaments of a joint are overstressed causing them to become tender and inflames

A

sprain

130
Q

when a joint is overstressed to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment

A

dislocation

131
Q

skeletal muscles are under conscious control, making them

A

voluntary muscles

132
Q

two groups of involuntary muscles

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle

133
Q

muscles whose primary function is to move the parts of the skeleton

A

skeletal muscles

134
Q

individual cells which compose muscles

A

muscle fibers

135
Q

skeletal muscle is also called

A

striated muscle

136
Q

muscles which consist of shorter, wider cell sin a looser arrangement

A

smooth muscle

137
Q

muscle specialized for relatively slow, powerful and prolonged contractions

A

smooth muscle

138
Q

muscle found only in the heart which is specially designed to contract over and over without tiring

A

cardiac muscle

139
Q

some of the chief muscles responsible for moving the head and connect the temporal bones of the skull to the sternum and clavicles are the two

A

sternocleidomastoid muscles

140
Q

when both of the sternocleidomastoids contract simultaneously

A

your head bows

141
Q

some of the most important muscles of the face

A

those that move the lower jaw, as when chewing or talking

142
Q

muscles located on each side of the head which connect the mandible to the cranium and function to close the jaw,

A

temporalis and masseter

143
Q

one of the most important muscles in shoulder movement is

A

trapezius

144
Q

muscles which attach to the side of each scapula and stretch forward around the side of the rib cage

A

serratus anterior

145
Q

the two muscle groups used to pull the shoulders forward

A

serratus anterior
pectoralis minor

146
Q

the muscles between the ribs which are much smaller than most chest muscles but are very important because they help you breath

A

intercostal muscles

147
Q

the largest chest muscles which are also some of the most important in the movement of your upper arm

A

pectoralis major

148
Q

muscles which form the curves of your shoulder and lift the upper arms away from the body

A

deltoid

149
Q

muscles which connect each humerus to the lumbar region of the spine and are responsible for drawing your arms to the rear (pulling rope and paddling canoe)

A

latissimus dorsi

150
Q

the muscles which allow you to bend your forearms

A

biceps brachii

151
Q

the muscles which extend or straighten the arms

A

triceps brachii

152
Q

muscles which extend from the bottom of the sternum to the front of the pelvic girdle

use this when sitting up from reclining position

A

rectus abdominis

153
Q

muscles connect the ribs to the pelvis but extend more to the side s

A

external oblique

154
Q

some of the most important trunk muscles which extend vertically along the spinal column form the upper back to the pelvis

straighten back

A

erector spinae

155
Q

the largest and strongest muscles in your whole body which pull your upper legs downward, away from the body and toward the rear

allow you to stand up

A

gluteus maximus

156
Q

the primary muscles involved in moving your lower leg

A

quadriceps femoris
hamstrings
sartorius

157
Q

group of four muscles that are all connected to the tibia by the patellar tendon

straighten the leg at the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

158
Q

group of three muscles that work to bend the leg at the knee

A

hamstrings

159
Q

extends diagonally downward from the front of the pelvic bone and passes around the side of the thigh

lifts the lower leg and turns it inward

A

sartorius

160
Q

the largest muscle of the calf

forms the bulge on the back part of your calf

main job is to extend the foot downward

A

gastrocnemius

161
Q

muscle performs the opposite job of the gastrocnemius

pulls foot upward

A

tibialis anterior

162
Q

a tough, translucent sheath that encases the entire biceps muscle

binds the muscle together

A

fascia or epimysium

163
Q

millions of individual muscles cells that compose the biceps muscle

A

muscle fibers

164
Q

sheath of tough connective tissue which encase the muscle cells

serve to strengthen the muscle cells

A

endomysium

165
Q

muscle cells are bundled into larger groups called

A

fascicles

166
Q

sheet of connective tissue that bind endomysium-wrapped fibers

A

perimysium

167
Q

surrounds muscle cells

A

cell membranes

168
Q

a ___________ muscle cell contains more than one nuclei

A

skeletal

169
Q

serve as the cell’s power plants

A

mitochondria

170
Q

long cylinders which extend the length of the muscle cell

A

myofibrils

171
Q

repeating units which give skeletal muscle its banded, or striated, appearance

A

sarcomeres

172
Q

makes up the thick filaments of the overlapping protein fibers

A

protein myosin

173
Q

makes up the thin filaments of the overlapping protein fibers

A

protein actin

174
Q

muscle contractions are triggered by your nervous system, which transmits signals to individual muscle cells through

A

motor neurons

175
Q

nerve cell

A

neuron

176
Q

the point at which a moto neuron connects to a muscle cell is called a

A

neuromuscular junction

177
Q

the nerve triggers the muscle cell to contract in the neuromuscular junction by releasing a special chemical know as a ______________________ into the junction

A

neurotransmitter

178
Q

a motor neuron an the group of cells it controls are a

A

motor unit

179
Q

principle that states that when a mucle fiber is stimulated to contract, it does so completely and then relaxes completely until another nerve impulse reaches it

A

all-or-none principle

180
Q

enlargement of muscles through use

A

hypertrophy

181
Q

muscle degeneration

A

atrophy

182
Q

skeletal muscle must be ___________ or they will atrophy

A

used

183
Q

muscle fibers that contain mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin

A

red fibers

184
Q

muscle fibers containing few mitochondria and less myoglobin

A

white fibers

185
Q

are commonly called fast-twitch fibers because they contract very rapidly and more stongly than its counter part

A

white fibers

186
Q

fibers that contract more slowly and less strongly than their counterparts and are therefore called slow-twitch fibers

A

red fibers

187
Q

the total awareness of body movements

A

muscle sense

Biology (48 decks)

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