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Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

SECTION 8.1

A
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2
Q

a biologist who studies the nervous system

A

neurobiologist

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3
Q

a physician who specializes in DISORDERS of the nervous system

A

neurologist

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4
Q

the two divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

includes the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

principal organ of the nervous system

A

brain

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8
Q

a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity which

allows the brain to communicate with most of the body

A

spinal cord

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9
Q

pairs of nerves that branch from the cord and extend out of the spinal cavity through the gaps in the vertebrae

transmits nerve signals to and from the rest of the body

A

spinal nerves

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10
Q

number of spinal nerve pairs

A

31

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11
Q

nerves that branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp

A

cranial nerves

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12
Q

number of cranial nerve pairs

A

12

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13
Q

the spinal cord and brain are covered by a triple layer of protective tissues known as

A

meninges

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14
Q

the outer layer of the meninges

one of the strongest tissues of the body that serves primarily as a flexible protective layer

A

dura mater

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15
Q

the middle layer of the meninges

form an intricate 3D network around the brain

A

arachnoid

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16
Q

the inner layer of the meninges

forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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17
Q

a clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater and serves as cushion when you bump your head

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

the two basic kinds of cells that make up the brain and spinal cord

A

glial cells
neurons

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19
Q

cells which support and insulate nerve tissue

A

glial cells

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20
Q

the actual nerve cells

A

neurons

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21
Q

contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm

A

cell body

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22
Q

a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body

A

dendrite

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23
Q

a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons

A

axon

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24
Q

nerve impulses travel in _________________ in a nerve fiber

A

one direction

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25
Q

dendrites travel toward the

A

cell body

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26
Q

travel from the cell body in a nerve impulse

A

axon

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27
Q

found within the brain and spinal cord and consists largely of cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

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28
Q

white specialized covering that is lacking in gray matter, making it gray not white

A

myelin

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29
Q

is composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content

A

white matter

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30
Q

masses of cell bodies

A

ganglia

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31
Q

ganglia are grouped together to form a large nerve mass called a

A

plexus

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32
Q

plexus located at the back of the neck and shoulders and is the group of ganglia from which branch of median nerve and other arm nerves

A

brachial plexus

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33
Q

a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord

A

nerve centers

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34
Q

nerve centers in the medulla oblangata of the brain stem control

A

breathing

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35
Q

neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the sense of sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell, and those that transmit pain signals

A

sensory neurons

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36
Q

neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to other parts of the body

A

motor neurons

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37
Q

found only in the CNS and relay signals between neurons or groups of neurons

responsible for processing of information by the brain

A

interneurons

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38
Q

protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick

A

bloodbrain barrier

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39
Q

brain’s white blood cells which help protect the brain from infection

A

microglia

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40
Q

disease that is caused when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges

A

meningitis

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41
Q

a state of prolonged unconsciousness

serious brain damage can result

A

coma

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42
Q

a serious disease that attacks the spinal cord

is caused by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them

A

poliomyletis or POLIO

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43
Q

bundles of nerve fibers (axon) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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44
Q

one of the longest nerves in the body

A

sciatic nerve

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45
Q

nerve that connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back

A

sciatic nerve

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46
Q

pairs of cranial nerves (branching directly from brain)

A

12

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47
Q

pairs of spinal nerves (connected to the brain through the spinal cord)

A

31

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48
Q

most nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and thus are known as

A

mixed nerves

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49
Q

carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis

A

sensory nerve fibers

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50
Q

polio is a ________ disease

A

viral

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51
Q

meningitis is a ________________ disease

A

bacterial or viral

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52
Q

carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs

A

motor nerve fibers

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53
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs

responsible for routine activities (involuntary functions

A

autonomic nervous system

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54
Q

controls the digestive system, various glands, and thousands of other vital functions

A

autonomic nervous system

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55
Q

responds to your body’s needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase, thus supplying more blood so that you can respond quickly

A

sympathetic division

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56
Q

acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division

causes heart to slow down

A

parasympathetic division

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57
Q

can be likened to a two-way highway consisting of thousands of lanes in each direction, all of which are channeled to the ascending and descending nerve tracts of the spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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58
Q

the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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59
Q

in the stomach, the parasympathetic division _____________ while the sympathetic division _______________

A

parasympathetic– stimulates

sympathetic– inhibits

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60
Q

generally, the parasympathetic division stimulates while organs _________; and the sympathetic division stimulates organ when you are ____________

A

parasympathetic— rest

sympathetic— active

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61
Q

SECTION 8.2

A
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62
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

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63
Q

special glial cells that surround the axons extending from the nerve cell bodies of peripheral nerves

A

Schwann cells

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64
Q

produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insulation on an electrical wire

A

Schwann cells

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65
Q

in the brain and spinal cord, myelin sheath for axons are provided by special glial cells called

A

oligodendrocytes

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66
Q

made by Schwann cells

A

myelin

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67
Q

disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for nerve cell axons (usually attacks adults

A

multiple sclerosis

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68
Q

symptoms of MS

A

blurred or double vision
disturbance of sensation
muscle weakness

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69
Q

MS occurs in the

A

occurs in nerves fibers related to sensations, vision, and movement of limbs

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70
Q

the inability of the muscles to move

A

paralysis

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71
Q

the wave of electrical activity that is propagated by fast-acting, voltage-sensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing sodium and potassium ions to briefly flow into and out of the cell

A

action potential

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72
Q

a synapse between a neuron and muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

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73
Q

an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell

A

synapse

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74
Q

when the action potential reaches the synapse, it causes a chemical known as a ______________ to be released into the synapse

A

neurotransmitter

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75
Q

a potent inhibitor of impulse transmission in motor nerves is

A

botulinum toxin

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76
Q

the most deadly type of food poisoning

A

botulism

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77
Q

one serious disease of the nervous system that affect the patient’s control of posture and movements;

is characterized by tremors and stiffness in limbs

A

Parkinson’s disease

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78
Q

Parkinson’s disease appears to result from lack of the neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

79
Q

a quick. automatic response

A

reflex

80
Q

the simplest nerve pathway

A

reflex arc

81
Q

SECTION 8.3

A
82
Q

the largest, most important part of the nervous system

A

brain

83
Q

the three parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

84
Q

the upper part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors

A

cerebrum

85
Q

the lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity

A

cerebellum

86
Q

connects to the spinal cord, controls involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system

A

brain stem

87
Q

the largest part of the brain and is the physical organ that helps in areas of consciousness, memory voluntary action, thinking, and intelligence

A

cerebrum

88
Q

two halves of the cerebrum called

A

hemispheres

89
Q

a deep grove that split the hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

90
Q

the right hemisphere is connected to the ______ side of the body

the left hemisphere is connected to the ______ side of the body

A

right hemi: left side of body
left hemi: right side of body

91
Q

the brain which specializes in details, known procedures, and formal logic

A

left brain

92
Q

the brain which specialized in the “big picture”, creativity, and intuitive approaches to problems

A

right brain

93
Q

the two hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers located at the base of the cerebrum called the

A

corpus callosum

94
Q

the outer layer of the cerebrum in which much of the gray matter is located

A

cerebral cortex

95
Q

is deeply grooved in order to allow the maximum amount of gray matter to fit in a limited space

A

cerebral cortex

96
Q

various regions in which the hemispheres are divided into that correspond to the major bones of the cranium

A

lobes

97
Q

each hemisphere has its own lobes

A

TRUE

98
Q

the forward portion of the __________ lobes is associated with personality, judgment, and self-control

A

frontal

99
Q

controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

A

rear of the frontal lobes

100
Q

lobes located behind the frontal lobe that allow the body to feel sensations such as temperature, pressure, and pain

make judgments about shape and texture

A

parietal lobes

101
Q

lobes located at the back of the brain which interpret the sense of vision

if damaged, person cannot see even if have perfect eyes

A

occipital lobes

102
Q

the right and left _________ lobes which are located on either side of the brain which are associated with senses of hearing, taste, and smell

A

temporal lobes

103
Q

damage to the cerebral motor area

A

cerebral palsy

104
Q

results of cerebral palsy

A

inability to walk
poor speech
irregular contractions of face neck or extremities

105
Q

the second largest brain region

A

cerebellum

106
Q

the function of the cerebellum is primarily to

A

coordinate skeletal muscle activity

107
Q

most complex muscle coordination is handled by the

A

cerebellum

108
Q

located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord

A

brain stem

109
Q

the lowest part of the brain stem

regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and other vital bodily function such as swallowing

A

medulla oblongata

110
Q

all major sensory and moto pathways between the body and cerebrum cross over in

A

medulla oblongata

111
Q

just above the medulla oblongata and links the cerebrum with the cerebellum

assists medulla oblongata in regulating breathing and coordinate movements and facial expressions

A

pons

112
Q

above the pons lies the _______________

nerve centers here help coordinate the movement of both eyes, adjust the size of pupils in response to light, and operate the lens muscles to focus the eyes on the object of your attention

A

midbrain

113
Q

an intricate network of neurons within the brain stem

A

reticular formation

114
Q

the most important function of the reticular formation

A

serving as a master-switch
aka
it switches on your cerebral cortex to bring you to consciousness

115
Q

a state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person would go into if the reticular formation was not working correction

A

coma

116
Q

complex brain structures that lie clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain are collectively called

A

limbic system

117
Q

job of limbic system

A
  1. coordinate activity of different brain parts
  2. generate and regulate emotions and desires
118
Q

two important structures of the limbic system

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

119
Q

acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses

A

thalamus

120
Q

the control unit for the body’s automatic systems

controls autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

121
Q

responsible for the physical effects of emotions

A

hypothalamus

122
Q

part of the limbic system that processes factual memories for storage

A

hippocampus

123
Q

part of the limbic system that helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories

A

amygdala

124
Q

says that a person’s actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli

the behavior of a person is determined by his environment, not by his mind

A

behaviorism

125
Q

the ________ and the _________ are not the same thing

A

physical brain

mind

126
Q

the seat of the mind

A

brain

127
Q

SECTION 8.4

A
128
Q

habits that can affect the nervous system from within

A

alcohol
smoking
nutrition
exercise

129
Q

external factors that can affects the nervous system

A

repeated loud noises
rest or sleep

130
Q

repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds results in a form of partial or complete hearing loss known as

sounds that exceed 90-100 decibels

A

sensorineural deafness

131
Q

periods in which the sleeper’s closed eyes show rapid eye movements as though he were watching events of a dream

A

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

132
Q

one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world today

A

alcohol

133
Q

alcohol acts as a

A

depressant

134
Q
  1. quickly into bloodstream from stomach and liver
  2. carried to brain
  3. interferes with neurotransmitters and motor areas
  4. slows the functions of the of the neurons
  5. depressing control centers of the brain
  6. produces loss of self-control
  7. clumsiness and lack of coordination
  8. muscular control detiorates
  9. can cause unconsciousness
A

movement of alcohol

135
Q

degeneration and inflammation of nerves

A

neuritis

136
Q

a child’s nervous system is completely developed at (new cells will never be added to the brain)

A

2 years

137
Q

dead nerve cells _________ regenerate

A

cannot

138
Q

existing nerve cells ___________ reproduce

A

cannot

139
Q

when the spinal nerves protrude from the spinal cord in the neck because of a sudden stop

A

whiplash

140
Q

a condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh

caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve of the lower spinal cord

A

sciatica

141
Q

the most common serious injury os the nervous system

A

stroke

142
Q

leading cause of death through the world

A

stroke

143
Q

causes a stroke

A

internal blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain

144
Q

one of the most common causes of death among young adults is

A

injury to the head

145
Q

a period of paralysis of the central nervous system accompanied by a short period of unconsciousness

A

concussion

146
Q

a loss of memory

A

amnesia

147
Q

a more prolonged loss of consciousness may result from severe effects of

A

injury
poison
disease

148
Q

prolonged state of unconsciousness that may not be reversible

A

coma

149
Q

disease of the nervous system that is commonly known as lockjaw because severe spasms of the jaw muscles make it hard to open the mouth

A

tetanus

150
Q

one of the most commons mental disorders in the elderly

a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body

A

acute confusion

151
Q

the disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss

A

senile dementia

152
Q

is caused by the death of brain cells due to blockage in the arteries that restricts blood supply to the cells

A

arteriosclerotic dementia

153
Q

disease in which the symptoms are more severe than dementia and leaves the vicitm mor physically and intellectually disabled

A

Alzheimer’s disease

154
Q

one common neurological disorder that affects people of all ages is the condition of

caused when neurons occasionally malfunction and begin to fire together over and over, disrupting ordinary cerebral processing and causing unconsciousness

A

epilepsy

155
Q

SECTION 8.5

A
156
Q

living sensors in which information is obtained and relayed to the spinal cord or brain

A

sensory receptors

157
Q

two broad groups of sensory receptors

A

somatic senses
special senses

158
Q

senses of your skin (primarily touch and temperature)

A

somatic senses

159
Q

sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance

A

special senses

160
Q

special senses are provided by a second group of neurons located in intricately designed _________

A

sense organs

161
Q

the skin’s receptors may be classified in three categories:

A

pain receptors
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors

162
Q

a bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of strong stimulus

A

pain receptors

163
Q

sensory receptors responsible for sensations of tough and pressure are called

A

mechanoreceptors

164
Q

body parts that contain an abundance of nerve endings and are sensitive to light tough and pressure

A

fingertips
forehead
tip of tongue

165
Q

respond to temperature changes

A

thermoreceptors

166
Q

react to temperatures above normal body temperature

A

heat receptors

167
Q

sensitive to temperatures below normal body temperature

A

cold receptors

168
Q

the senses of taste and smell

A

chemical senses

169
Q

the chemical senses result from the stimulation of_______________ on the tongue and in the nose

A

chemoreceptors

170
Q

organs responsible for taste

A

taste buds

171
Q

most of the flavors that we taste are affected by

A

odors we smell

172
Q

the _________ sensory receptors are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity

A

nose’s

173
Q

connect the nose’s sensory receptors to the brain

A

olfactory nerve

174
Q

number of primary odors

A

7

175
Q

a flap of cartilage designed to collect sound waves and direct them into the ear

A

outer ear

176
Q

leads to the eardrum

A

ear canal

177
Q

line the ear canal

A

hairs
wax glands

178
Q

a taut membrane stretched across the canal like the surface of a drum

A

ear drum

179
Q

the vibrations of the eardrum are relayed to the inner ear by three tiny bones

A

malleus,
incus
stapes

180
Q

the chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes

A

middle ear

181
Q

the actual organ of hearing

A

inner ear

182
Q

the main component of the inner ear

a coiled tube resembling a snail’s shell

A

cochlea

183
Q

carries electrical messages to the brain where they are translated

A

auditory nerve

184
Q

balance sensors

A

semicircular canals

185
Q

the type of hearing in which the inner ear receives vibrations from the jawbone

A

bone conduction

186
Q

ringing in the ears

A

tinnitus

187
Q

ear infections occur when microbes from the throat travel up the ____________ to the middle ear

A

eustachian tube

188
Q

provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye

A

socket or orbit

189
Q

reflexive to keep foreign objects from entering the eye

A

eyelids

190
Q

lacrimal glands produce

A

tears

191
Q

component of tears which destroys bacteria

A

lysozyme

192
Q

a set of six muscles attached to the eye which moves the eye

A

extrinsic muscles

193
Q

outermost layer of the eye

A

biology (48 decks)

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