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Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all the chemical processes of life are the body’s

A

metabolism

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2
Q

metabolism requires

A

fuel and raw materials

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3
Q

food supplies the body with elements and compounds needed for

A

energy, repair, growth

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4
Q

the energy content of food is typically measured in

A

calories

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5
Q

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree

A

one Calorie

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6
Q

if a person consumes more Calories than he needs, the excess energy-producing substances are converted to fat and stored in

A

adipose cells

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7
Q

being severely overweight due to excess body fat

A

obesity

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8
Q

only safe, healthy way to lose weight

A

eat a healthy diet

  1. limiting Calorie intake
  2. exercise regularly
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9
Q

carbs, proteins, and fats needed in large amounts

A

macronutrients

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10
Q

vitamins and minerals are needed in much smaller amounts and are therefore

A

micronutrients

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11
Q

the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell and provide most of the energy of living cells

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

the molecules of most carbohydrates are like chains; each link in the chain is

A

a simple sugar

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13
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

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14
Q

disaccharides are

A

two monosaccharides combined

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15
Q

monosaccharides and disaccharides are

A

simple carbohydrates

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16
Q

formed from long chains of simple carbs

are complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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17
Q

a mixture of polysaccharides manufactured by plant cells for glucose storage

A

starch

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18
Q

the body breaks starch down into

A

glucose

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19
Q

not digested or incorporated into the body

A

dietary fiber

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20
Q

two types of dietary fiber

A

soluble
insoluble

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21
Q

turns into gel during digestion, slowing digestion, and helping the stomach and intestines absorb nutrients

A

soluble fiber

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22
Q

helps move indigested wastes along to keep the intestines clean and healthy

A

insoluble fiber

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23
Q

a form of insoluble fibers found in plants

A

cellulose

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24
Q

makes up half of the body’s dry weight

complex organic molecules used to bulid and maintain living cells

A

proteins

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25
Q

complex proteins that control chemical reactions in the cell

A

enzymes

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26
Q

proteins are made of simpler molecules called

A

amino acids

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27
Q

among the most complex molecules in the cell

A

proteins

28
Q

a varied group of compounds characterized by their INSOLUBILITY in water

A

lipids

29
Q

make up lipids

A

fats, oils, fatlike substances

30
Q

all cell membranes are built mainly of

A

lipids

31
Q

the simplest type of lipid molecule

a molecule made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

fatty acid

32
Q

when every possible bond to hydrogen is occupied

A

saturated fatt acids

33
Q

can form one or more pairs of bonds to hydrogen

A

unsaturated fatty acids

34
Q

in cells, fatty acids are combined into larger molecules called

A

FATS

35
Q

because fats consist of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule called glyceride, they are called

A

triglycerides

36
Q

fats that are liquid at room temperature

A

oils

37
Q

when hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change them from liquid to soild or semisolid

A

hydrogenated oils

38
Q

is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones

small amount also used in cell membranes

A

cholesterol

39
Q

the energy carrier of the cell that is a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy

A

ATP

40
Q

important organic substances found in plants and animals and foods made from them

A

vitamins

41
Q

vitamins can be divided into two groups:

A

water-soluble vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins

42
Q

‘vitamins easily eliminated from the body

consist of vitamins C and the eight B-Complex vitamins

A

water-soluble vitamins

43
Q

accumulate in the body if ingested in excess

consists of vitamins A,D,E,K

A

fat-soluble vitamins

44
Q

molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs

A

coenzymes

45
Q

substances that neutralize harmful molecules

A

antioxidants

46
Q

harmful molecules

A

free radicals

47
Q

vitamins that are antioxidants

A

C and E

48
Q

important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues

A

minerals

49
Q

minerals important for building body tissues

A

calcium
phosphorous
iron
iodine

50
Q

minerals that are vitally important but only needed in extremely small quantities

A

trace elements

51
Q

examples of trace elements

A

iron
iodine

52
Q

the protein that transport oxygen through the body

A

hemoglobin

53
Q

much of a person’s weight is

A

water

54
Q

makes up nearly 60% of the total body water

inside the body’s cells

A

intracellular fluid

55
Q

surrounds the cells and is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid and the joints

A

extracellular fluid

56
Q

condition when the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain proper water balance

A

edema

57
Q

a tube formed by the organs of the digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus

includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines

A

alimentary canal

58
Q

purposes of the alimentary canal

A

digestion
absorption of nutrients
elimination of wastes

59
Q

the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less comple molecules

A

digestion

60
Q

muscular action which continually mixes food

A

peristalsis

61
Q

when something is melted by heat and broken down it is

A

emulsified

62
Q

fats are melted by heat and broken into smaller droplets by the action of

A

bile

63
Q

digestion takes place in a series of small steps that are controlled by special proteins called

A

enzymes

64
Q

a soaplike substance formed by the liver

A

bile

65
Q

any substance that speeds up a chemical change but is not consumed in the process

A

catalyst

66
Q

control digestion and are produced by tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands

A

digestive enzymes

67
Q
A

Biology (48 decks)

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