Chapter 9 Flashcards
all the chemical processes of life are the body’s
metabolism
metabolism requires
fuel and raw materials
food supplies the body with elements and compounds needed for
energy, repair, growth
the energy content of food is typically measured in
calories
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree
one Calorie
if a person consumes more Calories than he needs, the excess energy-producing substances are converted to fat and stored in
adipose cells
being severely overweight due to excess body fat
obesity
only safe, healthy way to lose weight
eat a healthy diet
- limiting Calorie intake
- exercise regularly
carbs, proteins, and fats needed in large amounts
macronutrients
vitamins and minerals are needed in much smaller amounts and are therefore
micronutrients
the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell and provide most of the energy of living cells
carbohydrates
the molecules of most carbohydrates are like chains; each link in the chain is
a simple sugar
simple sugars
monosaccharides
disaccharides are
two monosaccharides combined
monosaccharides and disaccharides are
simple carbohydrates
formed from long chains of simple carbs
are complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
a mixture of polysaccharides manufactured by plant cells for glucose storage
starch
the body breaks starch down into
glucose
not digested or incorporated into the body
dietary fiber
two types of dietary fiber
soluble
insoluble
turns into gel during digestion, slowing digestion, and helping the stomach and intestines absorb nutrients
soluble fiber
helps move indigested wastes along to keep the intestines clean and healthy
insoluble fiber
a form of insoluble fibers found in plants
cellulose
makes up half of the body’s dry weight
complex organic molecules used to bulid and maintain living cells
proteins
complex proteins that control chemical reactions in the cell
enzymes
proteins are made of simpler molecules called
amino acids
among the most complex molecules in the cell
proteins
a varied group of compounds characterized by their INSOLUBILITY in water
lipids
make up lipids
fats, oils, fatlike substances
all cell membranes are built mainly of
lipids
the simplest type of lipid molecule
a molecule made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms
fatty acid
when every possible bond to hydrogen is occupied
saturated fatt acids
can form one or more pairs of bonds to hydrogen
unsaturated fatty acids
in cells, fatty acids are combined into larger molecules called
FATS
because fats consist of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule called glyceride, they are called
triglycerides
fats that are liquid at room temperature
oils
when hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change them from liquid to soild or semisolid
hydrogenated oils
is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones
small amount also used in cell membranes
cholesterol
the energy carrier of the cell that is a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy
ATP
important organic substances found in plants and animals and foods made from them
vitamins
vitamins can be divided into two groups:
water-soluble vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins
‘vitamins easily eliminated from the body
consist of vitamins C and the eight B-Complex vitamins
water-soluble vitamins
accumulate in the body if ingested in excess
consists of vitamins A,D,E,K
fat-soluble vitamins
molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs
coenzymes
substances that neutralize harmful molecules
antioxidants
harmful molecules
free radicals
vitamins that are antioxidants
C and E
important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues
minerals
minerals important for building body tissues
calcium
phosphorous
iron
iodine
minerals that are vitally important but only needed in extremely small quantities
trace elements
examples of trace elements
iron
iodine
the protein that transport oxygen through the body
hemoglobin
much of a person’s weight is
water
makes up nearly 60% of the total body water
inside the body’s cells
intracellular fluid
surrounds the cells and is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid and the joints
extracellular fluid
condition when the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain proper water balance
edema
a tube formed by the organs of the digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus
includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines
alimentary canal
purposes of the alimentary canal
digestion
absorption of nutrients
elimination of wastes
the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less comple molecules
digestion
muscular action which continually mixes food
peristalsis
when something is melted by heat and broken down it is
emulsified
fats are melted by heat and broken into smaller droplets by the action of
bile
digestion takes place in a series of small steps that are controlled by special proteins called
enzymes
a soaplike substance formed by the liver
bile
any substance that speeds up a chemical change but is not consumed in the process
catalyst
control digestion and are produced by tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands
digestive enzymes
