Chapter 14- Evolution Flashcards
all scientific work is ultimately based on certain assumption that are accepted by
FAITH
the idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects
materialism
the idea that nature is all that exists
naturalism
the philosophy of materialism is actually
faith (not in Creator but in nature and matter itself)
one of the many fruits of materialism is the prevalent dedication among modern scientists to the theory of
evolution
the acceptance of evolution by the scientific community can be credited largely to British naturalist
Charles Darwin
wrote Principles of Geology
George Lyell
Lyell’s false doctrine that is the idea that the present is the only key to the past and that all tings continue by natural processes at the same rate as they always have
uniformitarianism
the book in which Darwin published his ideas gained from his trip aboard the Beagle
The Origin of Species (Origin)
what Darwin said was the most important thing of his career
the voyage around South America
book Darwin brought with him on his trip
Principles of Geology (Lyell)
in his book, Darwin proposed the following theory of evolution
- Species exist but are not immutable
- The diversity that we observe in nature is not the result of a special creation by God but rather by natural and random processes
- the main mechanism that drives this evolutionary process is natural selection and survival of the fittest
was regarded the greatest intellectual discovery of the century and the greatest thought to enter the mind of man
Origin of Species (Darwin)
the cornerstone of Darwin’s hypothesis
the idea that the fittest and strongest of each species were more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker, poorly adapted animals
natural selection
the first to propose a plausible means by which evolution might occur
Darwin
reasons Darwin’s thinking was faulty …
- variety within kinds has definite bounds
(Darwin would not accept that fact) - natural selection acts to preserve existing kinds, not create new kinds
one of Darwin’s first supporters who was a liberal theologian who worked hard to integrate the ideas of evolution into Society
Charles Kingsley
one of the great writers on scientific thought who realized that merely imagining something to happen does not make it science
William Whewell
two of the world’s greatest physicists who rejected Darwinism
Maxwell
Kelvin
one of the most influential American naturalists of that day who remained unmoved by Darwin’s arguments
Louis Aggassiz
the Father of Communism that wanted to dedicate his book to Darwin
Karl Marx
“science” founded by Darwin’s followers
sought to improve the human species by selective breeding humans to produce a master race
eugenics
Section 14.2- Paleontology
Section 14.2
has been defined as changes in the hereditary characteristics of groups of organisms over the course of generations
evolution
the changes within a particular kind of organism, referring to variations in the gene pool within a population
speciation
evolutionists often refer to speciation as
microevolution
hypothetical process by which new kinds of creatures emerge from existing kinds over time
macroevolution
is referred to as evolution in this textbook
macroevolution
has never been observed in nature
macroevolution
the study of fossils
paleontology
is one of the most powerful evidences against evolution when viewed from a biblical perspective
fossil record
remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans preserved in sedimentary rock
fossils
geologists of Darwin’s day expected the fossil record to prove evolution by providing fossils of
transitional forms aka MISSING LINKS
if evolution were true, there would be countless
fossils of transitional forms
instead of transitional forms, we see
large gaps between different kinds of
the greatest evidence against evolution
absence of transitional forms
T/F: Darwin realized that there would should be countless transitional forms, but there is not.
TRUE
what Darwin blamed on the lack of transitional forms
imperfection of the geological record
Darwin freely admitted that
no transitional forms had been discovered in his lifetime
no true, unquestionable transitional forms have been found to bridge the gaps between different kinds of organisms
TRUE
proposed to attempt to explain the lack of transitional forms in the fossil record
said evolution occurs in sudden spurts, followed by long periods without noticeable change
punctuated equilibrium
a simple-to-complex sequence of fossils that is a hypothetical arrangement of fossils and rocks
geologic column
the succession of fossils indicated by the geologic column occurs
nowhere in the world
layers in the geologic column are identified by the presence of
index fossils
considered characteristic of a specific period and used to identify rock layers in the field
index fossil
an argument that is based on the very assumption it attempts to prove
circular reasoning
using the geologic column as evidence to support evolutionary hypotheses is an example of
circular reasoning
technique used by evolutionists to lend credence to the ancient dates used in the geologic column
radiometric dating
there is no way to measure how much of the ___________________ were originally in the sample
parent and daughter elements
rocks of the Devonian Period contain fossils of an unusual 6-foot-long fish called
fin connected by fleshy lobe
Coelacanth
thought to be link between fish and amphibians
Coelacanth
the fossil bird often presented as an evolutionary link between dinosaurs and modern birds
Archaeopteryx
a series of fossils about the horse
horse series
fossil named “dawn horse’ because it had characteristics similar to mordern horses
Eohippus
later, the fossils of the Eohippus were classified as
Hyracotherium
Darwin’s second book in which he pointed out the similarities between man and other animals
Descent of Man
Many evolutionists claim that Darwin never tuaght that man evolve from monkeys, but that is exactly what the Descent of Man claims
True
There are many important differences between man and ape
TRUE
the most important difference between man and apes is that
man is created in the image of God
all of the transitional forms can be classified as either ____________ man or _________ ape
100%
100%
one of the most famous early human fossils of the 20th century
Eoanthropus (Piltdown Man)
for over 40 years, ____________ was used as “proof” that man had evolved from apes
Piltdown man
Section 14.3- Evidence against Evolution
said all structures had to develop one small step at a time
Darwin
evolutionists teach that bats evolve from small, fourlegged rodentlike mammals similar to
shrews
the study of similarities and differences in the body structure of organisms
comparative anatomy
said that the bodies of man and animals have certain basic similarities in their overall designs
Cuvier
refers to similarities among organisms designed for the same environment but different in internal structure
analogy
refers to similar organ that are also similar in internal structure
homology
most popular example of homology
pentadactyl (five digit) design in the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates
many homologous structures look ___________ only as the final product and are strikingly _____________ at the embryonic and genetic level
similar
different
the science that seeks to discover how the mechanisms of living cells work
field where much of the newest evidence against Darwinism comes from
molecular biology
thought to be a slush of amino acids, protein, fat, and carbs
protoplasm
British theologian who remarked that if we were to spot a rock lying on the ground in a deserted place, we might assume that the rock had come to be there by the processes of nature
William Paley
show evidence of careful design, precision, engineering, and deliberate purpose that did not occur by chance
living systems
the scientific study of heredity that is additional evidence against Darwin’s hypotheses
genetics
Darwin assumed that ________________________ of a given animal or plant change randomly from generation to generation, and that there is ____________ to this variability
characteristics
no limit
Austrian monk that was uncovering the true nature of genetics and heredity
Gregor Mendel
variety within kinds generally results from _______________
preexisting genetic variety
there are __________________ to biological change
fixed limits
published a his mutation theory
Hugo de Vries
random errors in an organisms’ genetic material
mutations
the majority of mutations are actually
harmful
natural selection does not produce new __________________ but does help reveal latent _________________________ within a kind
characteristics
genetic variety
why were the finches Darwin observed able to have different thickness than other in order to eat the food available?
the finches had possessed genes for those bill shapes from the beginning
breeding within a small, isolated group
inbreeding
God said his creation reproduces after
“his own kind”
a commonly-cited example of natural selection in action
peppered moth
reason peppered moths do not demonstrate evolution
no new kinds
the use of insecticides made the _________________ nonresistant insects less likely to live, so the __________insects become predominant
nonresistant
resistant
reason certain insecticides didn’t seem to work on bugs after time
resistance to the insecticide there before the insecticide was used which killed off all that weren’t resistance
once presented as proof for evolution
states that an unborn baby, while developing in its mother’s womb, goes through various stages of development that resemble different animals, providing a replay of man’s evolution from a simple invertebrate to his present form
embryonic recapitulation
the hypothesis of embryonic recapitulation was developed by
Ernst Haeckel
what did Haeckel to in order to support his views
deliberately falsify pictures he published of certain embryos
faith in the idea that all presently existing kinds of plants and animals developed by chance from nonliving matter in the distant past
concept of biological evolution
name for Kerkut’s seven assumptions
general theory of evolution
whatever evidence can be assembled for evolution is both _____________________ and _______________ in nature
limited
circumstantial
three things that make science
theoretical speculation
observation
experimentation
involves thinking seriously and rigorously about the phenomena of the physical universe and forming general principles to explain them
theoretical speculation
involves looking very closely at the physical universe for the purpose of gathering scientific knowledge about it
observation
a special kind of observation that involves testing theoretical speculation in a controlled and systematic way
experimentation
scientists ecpect rigorous testing in the real world to
confirm their theories
the testing process ensure that
scientific errors that contain errors will be eliminated
two types of observation
direct
indirect (instruments used such as microscope)
any event that is not subject to confirming observation id
beyond the realm of science
some experiments that scientists performed to try to prove life can be recreated but failed
- synthesis of amino acids
- synthesis of sugars, nucleotides
- linking of amino acids
- RNA world
- synthesizing cells
experiments demonstrating the possibility that a historical event occurred in a certain way cannot
prove whether the historical event actually occurred that way
experiments have failed to show that _________________ and __________________ evolution are even possible
spontaneous generation
biological evolution
evolution is not ______________. it is merely a ____________________ based on faith in nature rather than faith in God
science
philosophy
historically, modern science was characterized by its emphasis on
provable facts
the success of Darwinism was accompanied by a
decline in scientific integrity
an article said that the Cambrian explosion was based on _____________________________ rather than __________________
intuition
solid evidence
a quasi-religious idea that states that the earth and all the living things that inhabit it constitute a single living thing
Gaia hypothesis
evolution must be based on
faith
the facts of modern science agree marvelously with
biblical account of Creation
