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Biology > Chapter 14- Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all scientific work is ultimately based on certain assumption that are accepted by

A

FAITH

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2
Q

the idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects

A

materialism

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3
Q

the idea that nature is all that exists

A

naturalism

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4
Q

the philosophy of materialism is actually

A

faith (not in Creator but in nature and matter itself)

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5
Q

one of the many fruits of materialism is the prevalent dedication among modern scientists to the theory of

A

evolution

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6
Q

the acceptance of evolution by the scientific community can be credited largely to British naturalist

A

Charles Darwin

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7
Q

wrote Principles of Geology

A

George Lyell

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8
Q

Lyell’s false doctrine that is the idea that the present is the only key to the past and that all tings continue by natural processes at the same rate as they always have

A

uniformitarianism

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9
Q

the book in which Darwin published his ideas gained from his trip aboard the Beagle

A

The Origin of Species (Origin)

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10
Q

what Darwin said was the most important thing of his career

A

the voyage around South America

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11
Q

book Darwin brought with him on his trip

A

Principles of Geology (Lyell)

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12
Q

in his book, Darwin proposed the following theory of evolution

A
  1. Species exist but are not immutable
  2. The diversity that we observe in nature is not the result of a special creation by God but rather by natural and random processes
  3. the main mechanism that drives this evolutionary process is natural selection and survival of the fittest
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13
Q

was regarded the greatest intellectual discovery of the century and the greatest thought to enter the mind of man

A

Origin of Species (Darwin)

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14
Q

the cornerstone of Darwin’s hypothesis

the idea that the fittest and strongest of each species were more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker, poorly adapted animals

A

natural selection

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15
Q

the first to propose a plausible means by which evolution might occur

A

Darwin

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16
Q

reasons Darwin’s thinking was faulty …

A
  1. variety within kinds has definite bounds
    (Darwin would not accept that fact)
  2. natural selection acts to preserve existing kinds, not create new kinds
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17
Q

one of Darwin’s first supporters who was a liberal theologian who worked hard to integrate the ideas of evolution into Society

A

Charles Kingsley

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18
Q

one of the great writers on scientific thought who realized that merely imagining something to happen does not make it science

A

William Whewell

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19
Q

two of the world’s greatest physicists who rejected Darwinism

A

Maxwell
Kelvin

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20
Q

one of the most influential American naturalists of that day who remained unmoved by Darwin’s arguments

A

Louis Aggassiz

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21
Q

the Father of Communism that wanted to dedicate his book to Darwin

A

Karl Marx

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22
Q

“science” founded by Darwin’s followers

sought to improve the human species by selective breeding humans to produce a master race

A

eugenics

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23
Q

Section 14.2- Paleontology

A

Section 14.2

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24
Q

has been defined as changes in the hereditary characteristics of groups of organisms over the course of generations

A

evolution

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25
Q

the changes within a particular kind of organism, referring to variations in the gene pool within a population

A

speciation

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26
Q

evolutionists often refer to speciation as

A

microevolution

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27
Q

hypothetical process by which new kinds of creatures emerge from existing kinds over time

A

macroevolution

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28
Q

is referred to as evolution in this textbook

A

macroevolution

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29
Q

has never been observed in nature

A

macroevolution

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30
Q

the study of fossils

A

paleontology

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31
Q

is one of the most powerful evidences against evolution when viewed from a biblical perspective

A

fossil record

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32
Q

remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans preserved in sedimentary rock

A

fossils

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33
Q

geologists of Darwin’s day expected the fossil record to prove evolution by providing fossils of

A

transitional forms aka MISSING LINKS

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34
Q

if evolution were true, there would be countless

A

fossils of transitional forms

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35
Q

instead of transitional forms, we see

A

large gaps between different kinds of

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36
Q

the greatest evidence against evolution

A

absence of transitional forms

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37
Q

T/F: Darwin realized that there would should be countless transitional forms, but there is not.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

what Darwin blamed on the lack of transitional forms

A

imperfection of the geological record

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39
Q

Darwin freely admitted that

A

no transitional forms had been discovered in his lifetime

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40
Q

no true, unquestionable transitional forms have been found to bridge the gaps between different kinds of organisms

A

TRUE

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41
Q

proposed to attempt to explain the lack of transitional forms in the fossil record

said evolution occurs in sudden spurts, followed by long periods without noticeable change

A

punctuated equilibrium

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42
Q

a simple-to-complex sequence of fossils that is a hypothetical arrangement of fossils and rocks

A

geologic column

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43
Q

the succession of fossils indicated by the geologic column occurs

A

nowhere in the world

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44
Q

layers in the geologic column are identified by the presence of

A

index fossils

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45
Q

considered characteristic of a specific period and used to identify rock layers in the field

A

index fossil

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46
Q

an argument that is based on the very assumption it attempts to prove

A

circular reasoning

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47
Q

using the geologic column as evidence to support evolutionary hypotheses is an example of

A

circular reasoning

48
Q

technique used by evolutionists to lend credence to the ancient dates used in the geologic column

A

radiometric dating

49
Q

there is no way to measure how much of the ___________________ were originally in the sample

A

parent and daughter elements

50
Q

rocks of the Devonian Period contain fossils of an unusual 6-foot-long fish called

fin connected by fleshy lobe

A

Coelacanth

51
Q

thought to be link between fish and amphibians

A

Coelacanth

52
Q

the fossil bird often presented as an evolutionary link between dinosaurs and modern birds

A

Archaeopteryx

53
Q

a series of fossils about the horse

A

horse series

54
Q

fossil named “dawn horse’ because it had characteristics similar to mordern horses

A

Eohippus

55
Q

later, the fossils of the Eohippus were classified as

A

Hyracotherium

56
Q

Darwin’s second book in which he pointed out the similarities between man and other animals

A

Descent of Man

57
Q

Many evolutionists claim that Darwin never tuaght that man evolve from monkeys, but that is exactly what the Descent of Man claims

A

True

58
Q

There are many important differences between man and ape

A

TRUE

59
Q

the most important difference between man and apes is that

A

man is created in the image of God

60
Q

all of the transitional forms can be classified as either ____________ man or _________ ape

A

100%
100%

61
Q

one of the most famous early human fossils of the 20th century

A

Eoanthropus (Piltdown Man)

62
Q

for over 40 years, ____________ was used as “proof” that man had evolved from apes

A

Piltdown man

63
Q

Section 14.3- Evidence against Evolution

A
64
Q

said all structures had to develop one small step at a time

A

Darwin

65
Q

evolutionists teach that bats evolve from small, fourlegged rodentlike mammals similar to

A

shrews

66
Q

the study of similarities and differences in the body structure of organisms

A

comparative anatomy

67
Q

said that the bodies of man and animals have certain basic similarities in their overall designs

A

Cuvier

68
Q

refers to similarities among organisms designed for the same environment but different in internal structure

A

analogy

69
Q

refers to similar organ that are also similar in internal structure

A

homology

70
Q

most popular example of homology

A

pentadactyl (five digit) design in the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates

71
Q

many homologous structures look ___________ only as the final product and are strikingly _____________ at the embryonic and genetic level

A

similar

different

72
Q

the science that seeks to discover how the mechanisms of living cells work

field where much of the newest evidence against Darwinism comes from

A

molecular biology

73
Q

thought to be a slush of amino acids, protein, fat, and carbs

A

protoplasm

74
Q

British theologian who remarked that if we were to spot a rock lying on the ground in a deserted place, we might assume that the rock had come to be there by the processes of nature

A

William Paley

75
Q

show evidence of careful design, precision, engineering, and deliberate purpose that did not occur by chance

A

living systems

76
Q

the scientific study of heredity that is additional evidence against Darwin’s hypotheses

A

genetics

77
Q

Darwin assumed that ________________________ of a given animal or plant change randomly from generation to generation, and that there is ____________ to this variability

A

characteristics

no limit

78
Q

Austrian monk that was uncovering the true nature of genetics and heredity

A

Gregor Mendel

79
Q

variety within kinds generally results from _______________

A

preexisting genetic variety

80
Q

there are __________________ to biological change

A

fixed limits

81
Q

published a his mutation theory

A

Hugo de Vries

82
Q

random errors in an organisms’ genetic material

A

mutations

83
Q

the majority of mutations are actually

A

harmful

84
Q

natural selection does not produce new __________________ but does help reveal latent _________________________ within a kind

A

characteristics
genetic variety

85
Q

why were the finches Darwin observed able to have different thickness than other in order to eat the food available?

A

the finches had possessed genes for those bill shapes from the beginning

86
Q

breeding within a small, isolated group

A

inbreeding

87
Q

God said his creation reproduces after

A

“his own kind”

88
Q

a commonly-cited example of natural selection in action

A

peppered moth

89
Q

reason peppered moths do not demonstrate evolution

A

no new kinds

90
Q

the use of insecticides made the _________________ nonresistant insects less likely to live, so the __________insects become predominant

A

nonresistant

resistant

91
Q

reason certain insecticides didn’t seem to work on bugs after time

A

resistance to the insecticide there before the insecticide was used which killed off all that weren’t resistance

92
Q

once presented as proof for evolution

states that an unborn baby, while developing in its mother’s womb, goes through various stages of development that resemble different animals, providing a replay of man’s evolution from a simple invertebrate to his present form

A

embryonic recapitulation

93
Q

the hypothesis of embryonic recapitulation was developed by

A

Ernst Haeckel

94
Q

what did Haeckel to in order to support his views

A

deliberately falsify pictures he published of certain embryos

95
Q

faith in the idea that all presently existing kinds of plants and animals developed by chance from nonliving matter in the distant past

A

concept of biological evolution

96
Q

name for Kerkut’s seven assumptions

A

general theory of evolution

97
Q

whatever evidence can be assembled for evolution is both _____________________ and _______________ in nature

A

limited
circumstantial

98
Q

three things that make science

A

theoretical speculation
observation
experimentation

99
Q

involves thinking seriously and rigorously about the phenomena of the physical universe and forming general principles to explain them

A

theoretical speculation

100
Q

involves looking very closely at the physical universe for the purpose of gathering scientific knowledge about it

A

observation

101
Q

a special kind of observation that involves testing theoretical speculation in a controlled and systematic way

A

experimentation

102
Q

scientists ecpect rigorous testing in the real world to

A

confirm their theories

103
Q

the testing process ensure that

A

scientific errors that contain errors will be eliminated

104
Q

two types of observation

A

direct
indirect (instruments used such as microscope)

105
Q

any event that is not subject to confirming observation id

A

beyond the realm of science

106
Q

some experiments that scientists performed to try to prove life can be recreated but failed

A
  1. synthesis of amino acids
  2. synthesis of sugars, nucleotides
  3. linking of amino acids
  4. RNA world
  5. synthesizing cells
107
Q

experiments demonstrating the possibility that a historical event occurred in a certain way cannot

A

prove whether the historical event actually occurred that way

108
Q

experiments have failed to show that _________________ and __________________ evolution are even possible

A

spontaneous generation
biological evolution

109
Q

evolution is not ______________. it is merely a ____________________ based on faith in nature rather than faith in God

A

science
philosophy

110
Q

historically, modern science was characterized by its emphasis on

A

provable facts

111
Q

the success of Darwinism was accompanied by a

A

decline in scientific integrity

112
Q

an article said that the Cambrian explosion was based on _____________________________ rather than __________________

A

intuition
solid evidence

113
Q

a quasi-religious idea that states that the earth and all the living things that inhabit it constitute a single living thing

A

Gaia hypothesis

114
Q

evolution must be based on

A

faith

115
Q

the facts of modern science agree marvelously with

A

biblical account of Creation

Biology (48 decks)

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