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Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

probably the most common of all diseases

A

viral diseases

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2
Q

a molecule of genetic material enclosed in a geometric protein structure called a capsid

A

virus

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3
Q

new viruses are manufactured an assembled by

A

infected cells

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4
Q

a typical virus is essentially

A

a capsule of genetic material for new viruses

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5
Q

scientists who study viruses

A

virologists

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6
Q

single-celled organisms that are responsible for several well-known diseases

A

protozoa

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7
Q

examples of protozoa diseases

A

malaria
amoebic dysentary
African sleeping sickness
toxoplasmosis

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8
Q

diseases caused by fungi

A

mycotic diseases

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9
Q

examples of mycotic diseases

A

Athlete’s foot
ringworm
thrush
dandruff

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10
Q

diseases caused by invading parasitic worms

A

helminthic diseases

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11
Q

examples of helminthic diseases

A

trichinosis
hookworm

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12
Q

illness that is carried by water droplets

A

droplet infection

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13
Q

examples of droplet infection

A

cold
flu

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14
Q

a person who display no symptoms of a disease but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others

A

carrier

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15
Q

an animal that transmits infection

A

vector

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16
Q

famous case of a carrier

A

Typhoid Mary

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17
Q

diseases spread almost always by sexual relations, especially those outside of marriage

A

STDs (sexually transmitted diseases)

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18
Q

another name for STDs

A

venereal diseases

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19
Q

best protection from STDs

A

abstinence

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20
Q

when pathogens enter the body of a human and grow there, that human has an

A

infection

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21
Q

pathogens require a period of development before their presence produces signs or symptoms of disease called

A

incubation period

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22
Q

when diseases spread rapidly and extensively among a population

A

epidemic

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23
Q

one of the simplest and most effective ways to stop the spread of a disease is

A

frequent handwashing

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24
Q

the first physician to realize that handwashing prevented the spread of diseases among patients in hospitals

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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25
Q

ways to prevent the spread of disease

A
  1. hand washing
  2. avoid unnecessary contact
  3. avoid contamination or disinfect
  4. avoid or eliminate vectors
  5. vaccines
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26
Q

a substance that stimulates your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease

A

vaccine

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27
Q

British doctor who established the use of antiseptics

A

Lister

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28
Q

chemicals that kill bacteria and help prevent infections

A

antiseptic

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29
Q

doctor that came up with the rabies vaccine

A

Pasteur

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30
Q

two main parts of virus

A

DNA or RNA
capsid

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31
Q

SECTION 12.3- Protection against Disease

A
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32
Q

the most important part of the immune system in the

special cells programmed to search out and destroy any organism or substance that they do not recognize as part of the body

A

white blood cells

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33
Q

a complex network of fluid-filled vessels and chambers that helps TRANSPORT white blood cells throughout the body and aids the white blood cells in CLEANSING internal body fluids of pathogens

A

lymphatic system

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34
Q

assists immune system by serving as a barrier to keep bacteria and viruses from entering the body

A

skin

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35
Q

other things that aid the immune system

A

skin
respiratory passages
lungs
brain

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36
Q

the individual cells in the immune system that do the work of protecting your body against invaders

A

white blood cells or leukocytes

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37
Q

God has designed the body with several types of white blood cells

A
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38
Q

white blood cells that roam through your tissue and body cavities, engulfing and disposing of any bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris they encounter

A

phagocytes

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39
Q

the white blood cells communicate over short distances by

A

docking and exchanging information

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40
Q

over long distances, white blood cells communicate using chemical signals called

A

cytokines

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41
Q

chemical messenger released by white blood cells when invading microorganisms or foreign substances are detected in the body

causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

A

histamine

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42
Q

swelling caused by histamine allowing blood fluids to enter the surrounding tissues

A

inflammation

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43
Q

when body cells become infected with a virus, the infected celled produce a chemical messenger which limits the spread of the virus called

A

interferon

44
Q

one of the most important weapons that your immune system uses to fight pathogens

A

antibodies

45
Q

Y-shaped proteins that act like molecular homing missiles

A

anitbodies

46
Q

antibodies defend against pathogens in two main ways:

A
  1. inactivating the pathogens until then can be destroyed
  2. marking them for destruction by other defense mechanisms
47
Q

because each type of antibody binds to only a single type of pathogen, antibodies and the lymphocytes involved in their production are considered the body’s

A

specific defenses

48
Q

the body’s cells are surrounded by

A

tissue fluid

49
Q

tissue fluid originates in the

A

plasma of the blood

50
Q

the tissue fluid acts as a battlefield in the fight against

A

invading microorganisms

51
Q

works as a drainage and sanitation system for tissue fluid

A

lymphatic system

52
Q

originate in the tissues and collect excess fluid with its cellular debris and microbes and carry it through a closed system of lymph vessels

A

lymph capillaries

53
Q

the lymph system is a _____________ transportation system and does not circulate like the blood

A

one-way

54
Q

the lymph vessels drain the tissue fluid called

A

lymph

55
Q

the lymph system relies on _____________ to propel it

A

body movements

56
Q

after lymph vessels collect lymph from several lymph capillaries, they converge into larger lymph vessels, which empty into one or two large

A

lymph ducts

57
Q

special enlargements of lymphatic tissue

A

lymph nodes

58
Q

the compartments near the rim of the lymph node are used by resting

A

B cells

59
Q

the compartments father from the rim of the lymph node are used by resting

A

T cells

60
Q

lymph nodes serve as

A

bases and staging areas for white blood cells

61
Q

accumulations of lymph nodes in the throat that protect that entrance to the body

A

tonsils
adenoids

62
Q

when filtering bacteria, the tonsils often become infected, resulting in

A

tonsillitis

63
Q

lymph node groups located in the intestinal wall of the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

64
Q

the body’s largest lymph organ

resembles a normal lymph node except that it has chambers containing blood capillaries

A

spleen

65
Q

one of the most inconspicuous lymphatic organs which is located between the lungs

A

thymus

66
Q

the center where immature cells are matured and trained after being produced by the none marrow

A

thymus

67
Q

most bacteria and viruses ____________ penetrate the tightly knitted cells of the skin

A

cannot

68
Q

the three barriers to infection

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes, mucous
  3. hydrochloric acid
69
Q

enzymes contained in tears and perspiration that kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls

A

lysozymes

70
Q

the best known of the friendly bacteria are located in the

A

intestines

71
Q

things in skin that protect from bacteria

A

tightly knitted cells

harmless bacteria hinder growth of harmful bacteria

sebum contains substances that hinder bacteria growth

72
Q

reside in the digestive system and interfere the growth of most invading pathogens

A

friendly bacteria

73
Q

an elevated body temperature

another effective weapon against many bacteria and some viruses

A

fever

74
Q

advantages of a fever

A
  1. body’s cellular activities sped up to help body fight disease
  2. hinders growth of pathogens that grow more slowly at higher temperatures
75
Q

fevers are beneficial unless they last

A

too long or become too high

76
Q

regardless of age, if temperature is above _____________ doctor needs to be in volved

A

103

77
Q

lymphocytes that guard against the particular pathogen of a disease for the rest of your life

A

memory cells

78
Q

a condition of resistance to a pathogen due to the body’s familiarity and immediate response

A

immunity

79
Q

two types of immunity

A

acquired
innate

80
Q

immunity that results from circulating antibodies or memory cells

A

acquired cells

81
Q

two kinds of acquired immunity

A

active acquired
passive acquired

82
Q

developed through an immune response to a pathogen; may be caused by being infected with the pathogen or by receiving a vaccine for the pathogen

A

active acquired immunity

83
Q

develops when someone receives an infusion of antibodies from someone else

can be artificially caused by an injection with a mixture containing antibodies (these injections are temporary)

A

passive acquired immunity

84
Q

results from factors other than the presence of antibodies and memory cells

includes body’s nonspecific defenses that do not involve antibodies or lymphocytes

A

innate immunity

85
Q

factors of innate immunity

A
  1. hereditary
  2. health of the immune system
  3. diet
  4. exercise
86
Q

a type of innate immunity that occurs because many pathogens infect only particular types of organisms

A

specie immunity

87
Q

certain conditions can cause a person’s immunity system to break down, causing an

A

immune deficiency

88
Q

factors of immune deficiency

A
  1. excessive exposure to radiation or certain chemicals
  2. cancer treatments
  3. genetic defects
89
Q

examples of congenital immune deficiency diseases

A
  1. XLA
  2. SCID
90
Q

by far the most prevalent immune deficiency disease is

A

AIDS

91
Q

causes AIDS

A

HIV

92
Q

HIV is a

A

retrovirus

93
Q

a type of RNA virus that makes DNA copies of its genetic material and inserts these copies into a host cell’s DNA

A

retrovirus

94
Q

HIV is transmitted by

A

direct contact with body fluids of an infected person

95
Q

can slow that development of AIDS and reduce the transmission of HIV but cannot cure the disease completely

A

antiretroviral drugs

96
Q

dramatically reduces the risk of acquiring HIV

A

waiting until marriage to have sex

remaining faithful to spouse

taking care of your body by avoiding drug abuse

97
Q

physicians use two general defenses to protect against infectious diseases

A

immune therapy
chemotherapy

98
Q

the main tools of immune therapy

A

vaccines
antiserums

99
Q

the process of exposing the body’s immune system to a weakened form of a pathogen in order to produce memory cells and antibodies against it

A

immune therapy using vaccines

100
Q

blood extracts that contain antibodies to provide passive immunity against

A

antiserums

101
Q

can refer to any procedure in which chemical compounds are used to treat a disease

A

chemotherapy

102
Q

the most familiar chemicals used in chemotherapy

substances produced by bacteria molds, and certain other organisms that are affective in stopping the growth of microorganisms

A

antibiotics

103
Q

discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

104
Q

the best way to fight disease is

A

take measures to prevent them

105
Q

factors in good health

A
  1. attitude
  2. fear of Lord
  3. foods we eat

Biology (48 decks)

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