Final Exam Review Flashcards
process of making RNA
transcription
makes RNA going down DNA strand
RNA polymerase
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides in the messenger RNA that contains code for specific amino acid
code on
ribosomes are made out of protein and
ribosomal RNA
noncoding DNA sequence
introns
coding sequences of DNA
exons
when doing DNA replication, errors are called
mutations
proper uses of genetic engineering
agriculture
flowering seed plants
angiosperms
disks and rays
composite family
angiosperms are divided into
monocots and dicots
systems are made of
organs
organs are made of
tissues
tissues are made of
cells
three main tissues in plants
structural, vascular, meristematic
vascular tissues
xylem and phloem
converting sunlight energy into food
photosynthesis
male pollen producing part of flower
stamen
vase-shaped center part of flower
pistol
ripened ovary together with other flower parts
fruit
two things happen before flower ovary becomes fruit
pollination and fertilization
process in which pollen transfer to stigma of flower
pollination
sperm and egg unite
fertilization
part of embryo seed that store food for germination
cotyledon
one cotyledon
monocot
buds on tip of twig
terminal bud
new plant grows from stem, leaf, or root
vegetative reproduction (asexual reproduction)
growth response toward or away
tropism
mixing molecules of one substance to another by random molecular motion
diffusion
one way diffusion
osmosis
Swedish naturalist that designed method for classification
Linnaeus
seven orders of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species
make scientific name
genus and species
two main groups of plants
nonvascular and vascular
vascular plants are divided into
seed and nonseed
seed plants are divided into
gymnosperm and angiosperm
two nonvascular plants
mosses and liverworts
smallest of chlorophyll containing organism
algae
plant-like, lack chlorophyll
fungi
body cavity contain heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
body system carries to and from cells
circulatory system
system consists of glands called hormones
endocrine system
rids body of wastes
excretory system
gives support to body
skeletal system
tissues in body
muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial
two divisions of skeleton
axial and appendicular
bones that encase brain
cranium
only bone in the skull that moves
mandible
tissues that join bone to bone
ligaments
technical name for spine
vertebral column
pairs of ribs in the human body
12
appendicular system has
pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
large bone in upper arm
humerus
lower arm thumb side
radius
longest bone in body
femur
kneecap
patella
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
when bone rejuvenates, bone builders
osteoblasts
place where bones join
joints
joint at elbow
hinge
joint at shoulder and hip
ball and socket
largest muscles of chest
pectoralis major
bend arms at elbow
biceps brachii
group of muscles that straightens leg at knee
quadriceps femoris
bend leg at knee
hamstrings
myofibril has overlapping proteins fibers in units called
sarcomeres
two division of nervous system
central and peripheral
Father of Classification
Linnaeus
number of chromosomes in human somatic cell
46
number of chromosomes in human gametes
23
cells that divide to form gametes
germ cells
miosis is designed to make reproductive cells
miosis
material contains blueprints
DNA
how much DNA in chromosome
one DNA molecule
DNA is stored in the
nucleus
DNA is wrapped around spools that are made of eight
histones
spool plus the DNA wrapped around makes up
nucleosome
DNA stored loosely during interphase where can be accessed
chromatin
other nucleic acid besides DNA
RNA
both DNA and RNA are made of units called
nucleotides
the DNA molecule consists of twisted shapes to form a
double helix
deduced structure of DNA
Crick and Watson
Makes sure things get in the right order during replication etc
base pairing
bases of DNA nucleotides
cytosine
adenine
thymine
guanine
bases that are paired
adenine with thymine
guanine with cytosine
RNA has different base than thymine
uracil
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
consists of the nerves
peripheral nervous system
actual nerve cells
neurons
long fibers that carry messages away from cell body
axon
short fiber carries messages to cell body
dendrites
bundles of axons
nerves
wave of electrical activity that goes down an axon to carry a message
action potential
enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and a cell
synapses
quick, automatic response
reflex
part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behavior
cerebrum
part of brain controls involuntary muscles
brain stem
controls balance and coordinates voluntary muscle activity
cerebellum
lowest part of the brain stem
medulla oblongata
two chemical senses
taste and smell
tough outer layer of tissue around eyes
sclera
transparent portion in front of eye that allows light to pass through
cornea
coiled tube for hearing
cochlea
nerve carries message from cochlea to brain
auditory nerve
carries message from retina to brain
optic nerve
carries message from smell receptors to brain
olfactory nerve
innermost layer of the eye that produces nerve impulses
reitna
two light sensitive cells in retina
rod and cone
sugars and starches are
carbs
complex molecules used to build and maintain cells
proteins
carbs provide
energy
lipids are
fats
proteins are made of chains of
amino acids
two groups of vitamins
water-soluble
fat-soluble
special chemicals called catalysts; important protein chemicals
enzymes
sequence of organs that food passes through
alimentary canal
four front cutting teeth
incisors
consist mainly of blood vessels and nerves in tooth
pulp
foot long tube from throat to stomach
esophagus
flap over trachea
epiglottis
digestive juices in stomach
gastric juice
primary organ of digestion and absorption
small intestine
two organs that help but food doesn’t pass through
pancreas and gallbaldder
organ that absorbs water and eliminates food wastes
large intestine
other name for circulatory system
cardiovascular system
carry away from heart
arteries
carry to heart
veins
connects veins and arteries
capillaries
liquid part of blood
plasma
special iron-containing blood protein
hemoglobin
purpose of red blood cells
carry oxygen
where is blood made
bone marrow
purpose of leukocytes
fight against disease
antigens discovered in rhesus monkey
Rh factor
bloody type that is a universal donor
O
blood type of universal recipient
AB
inability to form blood clots
hemophilia
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
valve between right atrium and left ventricle
tricuspid valve
valve at exit to left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
allows blood to exit right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary means
lungs
largest vein
venae cava
largest artery
aorta
transfers blood from heart to lungs
pulmonary artery
brings blood from lungs to heart
pulmonary veins
special branches off aorta that penetrate into myocardium
coronary arteries
movement of blood through all except lungs
systemic circulation
force exerted by blood
blood pressure
windpipe
trachea
air sacs where gases are exchanged
alveoli
muscle divides domes
diaphragm
voice box
larynx
three layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
layer has nerve endings
dermis (most complex)
subsystem in excretory system that includes ureters, bladder
urinary
most important excretory system organ
kidneys
filtering units in kidneys
nephrons
master gland
pituitary
makes hormone determines rate food converted into energy
thyroid
makes insulin
islets of Langerhans
sits on kidneys
adrenal glands
hormones prepares for danger
epinephrine
pineal glands make this hormone
melatonin
reproductive organs are called
gonads
sac of blood vessels that connect baby and mom
placenta
connects placenta
umbilical cord
any condition that interferes with normal function of the body
disease
any organism that gets inside and causes disease
pathogen
diseases that are caused by pathogens
infectious
immunological diseases that is most common
allergies
noninfectious disease caused by runaway growth of body cells
cancer
second leading cause of death
cancer
molecules of genetic material enclosed in capsid
virus
condition of having resistance to a pathogen
immunity
commands man to subdue the earth
Gen 1:28
idea that living things arise from nonliving things
spontaneous generation
says all living things develop from common ancestor
evolution
event that loosened the grip of superstition and refocused on Scripture
Protestant Reformation
proteins are made of
amino acids
primary digestive organ
smll intestine
absorbs water and eliminates wastes
large intestine
the extent a certain allele eists in population
allele frequency
when both alleles of trait are equally expressed
codominance
idea that there are more than two different alleles for gene of particular trait
multiple allele inheritance
when genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits
pleiotropy
trait influenced by number of different genes
polygenic inheritance
sex-linked disorders
color blindness and hemophilia
Father of Anatomy
Vesalius
English physician that studied circulation of the heart
Harvey
studied cells of cork
Robert Hooke
tentative solution
hypothesis
proven hypothesis
theory
spontaneous generation was demolished by the studies of
Pasteur
living things have to come from other living things
law of biogenesis
present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
idea that the strongest organisms survive and make new kind
natural selection
changes within a specific kind
speciation
fossils that would connect different times
transitional forms
supposedly earliest ape-like ancestor
Australopithecus afarensis
ideas of evolution were challenged by the discoveries of
Mendel
home of organism
habitat
the layer in which life is
biosphere
large areas with characteristic vegetation
biomes
basic unit of ecology
ecosystem
producers
autotrophs
consumers
heterotrophs
classification that descrbes the feeding relations to other animals
trophic level
shows one way transfer of one trophic level to the next
food chain
biome with harsh winters and permafrost
arctic tundra
harsh long winters, longer summer, rarely permafrost
northern coniferous forest
near equator; abundant rain
tropical rainforest
replacement of early pioneer species
succession
means remain constant temperature
homeothermic
most mammals are __________________ in reproduction
placental
in reproduction process, platypus and echidna are
oviparous (lay eggs)
shrews, hedgehogs, and moles are
insectivores
flying mammals
bats
two groups of whales
toothed and baleen
the sperm whale is
toothed
mostly arboreal mammals
primates
hooved mammals
ungulates
rhinos, tapirs, and horses
perissodactyl (odd-toed)
cows are
artiodactyls (even-hooved)
chew cud
ruminants
scientists who study birds
ornithologists
chambers in a bird’s heart
4
contour feathers on the wings
flight feathers
clear eyelid on lizards
nictitating membrane
muscular organ that grinds food
gizzard
bird breaths ______________ lungs, not _____ lungs
THROUGH
not IN
dense chord in bird egg
chalaza
means animals temperature fluctuates
poikilothermic
chambers in most reptiles
3
the only reptile group that has a four-chambered heart
crocodilians
means hatch within body
ovoviviparous
snake do not have ___________________ they just have a ________________ over their eyes
nictitating membrane
scales
bone that attaches the snake’s movable jaw to its skull
quadrate bone
the Jacobson’s organ is used fr
smell
scientists who study reptiles and amphibians
herpetologists
have sensory depression
pit viper
have fangs that retract
vipers
three groups of amphibians
frogs and toads,
salamanders
caecilians
frogs and toads together are called
anurans
adult frogs can breathe with
lungs, lining in mouth cavity, and skin
development of frogs
metamorhposis
chambers in ALL amphibians hearts
3
ribosomes are attached to
rough ER
shipping center
Golgi apparatus
storage spaces, large in plant cells
vacuoles
entire life and reproduction of cells
cell cycle
when the nucleus of cell divides to create new nuclei with same chromosomes
mitosis
four stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
transmission of information from parent or offspring
heredity
units of genetic information in chromosomes
genes
specialization to form specific cells (nerve, skin, etc)
differentiation
have full set of 46 chromosomes
diploid set
refers to egg and sperm
gametes
cell that undergoes meiosis to form gametes
germ cell
chromosomes in zygote
46
makes sexual reproduction possible
meiosis
makes asexual reproduction possible
mitosis
genetics is
scientific study of heredity
different forms of gen for particular trait
alleles
two identical alleles for same gene
homozygous
one allele different
heterozygous
discovered law of dominance
Mendel
term Mendel used for homozygous
pure
alleles for each trait separate randomly during formation of gametes
law of segregation
discovered law of segregation
Mendel
mixing or blending of traits
incomplete dominance
says that many trait are inherited independently from each other
law of independent assortment
discovered law of independent assortment
Mendel
says that segregation of one gene does not influence sorting of another
law of independent assortment
traits inherited together
linkage
do genes that demonstrate linkage follow law of independent assortment?
NO
process of genes on same chromosome to be inherited independently
recombination
stated chromosome theory of inheritance
Sutton
discovered sex chromosomes
Morgan
sex chromosomes pair for male
XY
sex chromosome pair for female
XX
the extent certain allele exists in population
allele frequency
disorder caused by recessive trait does not give the person the disease but makes him a
carrier
when both alleles are equally expressed
codominance
situation of codominance issue
sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait
when one gene is normal and the other is sickle cell prone
sickle cell trait (not have disease) (have to inherit from both parents)
benefits of sickle cell trait
resistance to malaria
more than two different alleles in specific trait
multiple allele inheritance
exmples of multiple allele inheritance
ABO blood group
situation in which genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits
pleiotropy
example of pleiotropy
sickle cell trait giving a resistance to malaria
characteristic influence by number of different genes
polygenic inheritance
two sex-linked diseases
hemophilia and colorblindness (more likely in male)
amount of DNA in chromosome
one DNA molecule
DNA stored loosely
chromatin
process of DNA to RNA to protein
central dogma of molecular biology
making RNA
transcription
the equivalence of codon to amino acids
genetic code
brings amino acids to ribosome
transfer RNA
allows the opposite base pair with codon
anticodon
using genetic engineering for plants is
good
two groups of fish
cartilaginous and bony
fin that serves as a rudder
caudal fin
chambers in a fish heart
2
cartilaginous fish examples
sharks, rays, chimaeras, hagfish, lampreys
jointed appendages
arthropods
crickets, grasshoppers, and mantises belong to the order
Orthoptera
aquatics arthropods
crustaceans
