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Final Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

process of making RNA

A

transcription

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2
Q

makes RNA going down DNA strand

A

RNA polymerase

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3
Q

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides in the messenger RNA that contains code for specific amino acid

A

code on

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4
Q

ribosomes are made out of protein and

A

ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

noncoding DNA sequence

A

introns

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6
Q

coding sequences of DNA

A

exons

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7
Q

when doing DNA replication, errors are called

A

mutations

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8
Q

proper uses of genetic engineering

A

agriculture

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9
Q

flowering seed plants

A

angiosperms

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10
Q

disks and rays

A

composite family

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11
Q

angiosperms are divided into

A

monocots and dicots

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12
Q

systems are made of

A

organs

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13
Q

organs are made of

A

tissues

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14
Q

tissues are made of

A

cells

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15
Q

three main tissues in plants

A

structural, vascular, meristematic

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16
Q

vascular tissues

A

xylem and phloem

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17
Q

converting sunlight energy into food

A

photosynthesis

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18
Q

male pollen producing part of flower

A

stamen

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19
Q

vase-shaped center part of flower

A

pistol

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20
Q

ripened ovary together with other flower parts

A

fruit

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21
Q

two things happen before flower ovary becomes fruit

A

pollination and fertilization

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22
Q

process in which pollen transfer to stigma of flower

A

pollination

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23
Q

sperm and egg unite

A

fertilization

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24
Q

part of embryo seed that store food for germination

A

cotyledon

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25
Q

one cotyledon

A

monocot

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26
Q

buds on tip of twig

A

terminal bud

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27
Q

new plant grows from stem, leaf, or root

A

vegetative reproduction (asexual reproduction)

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28
Q

growth response toward or away

A

tropism

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29
Q

mixing molecules of one substance to another by random molecular motion

A

diffusion

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30
Q

one way diffusion

A

osmosis

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31
Q

Swedish naturalist that designed method for classification

A

Linnaeus

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32
Q

seven orders of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species

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33
Q

make scientific name

A

genus and species

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34
Q

two main groups of plants

A

nonvascular and vascular

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35
Q

vascular plants are divided into

A

seed and nonseed

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36
Q

seed plants are divided into

A

gymnosperm and angiosperm

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37
Q

two nonvascular plants

A

mosses and liverworts

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38
Q

smallest of chlorophyll containing organism

A

algae

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39
Q

plant-like, lack chlorophyll

A

fungi

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40
Q

body cavity contain heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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41
Q

body system carries to and from cells

A

circulatory system

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42
Q

system consists of glands called hormones

A

endocrine system

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43
Q

rids body of wastes

A

excretory system

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44
Q

gives support to body

A

skeletal system

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45
Q

tissues in body

A

muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial

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46
Q

two divisions of skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

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47
Q

bones that encase brain

A

cranium

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48
Q

only bone in the skull that moves

A

mandible

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49
Q

tissues that join bone to bone

A

ligaments

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50
Q

technical name for spine

A

vertebral column

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51
Q

pairs of ribs in the human body

A

12

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52
Q

appendicular system has

A

pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle

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53
Q

large bone in upper arm

A

humerus

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54
Q

lower arm thumb side

A

radius

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55
Q

longest bone in body

A

femur

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56
Q

kneecap

A

patella

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57
Q

shaft of long bone

A

diaphysis

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58
Q

when bone rejuvenates, bone builders

A

osteoblasts

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59
Q

place where bones join

A

joints

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60
Q

joint at elbow

A

hinge

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61
Q

joint at shoulder and hip

A

ball and socket

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62
Q

largest muscles of chest

A

pectoralis major

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63
Q

bend arms at elbow

A

biceps brachii

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64
Q

group of muscles that straightens leg at knee

A

quadriceps femoris

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65
Q

bend leg at knee

A

hamstrings

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66
Q

myofibril has overlapping proteins fibers in units called

A

sarcomeres

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67
Q

two division of nervous system

A

central and peripheral

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68
Q

Father of Classification

A

Linnaeus

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69
Q

number of chromosomes in human somatic cell

A

46

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70
Q

number of chromosomes in human gametes

A

23

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71
Q

cells that divide to form gametes

A

germ cells

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72
Q

miosis is designed to make reproductive cells

A

miosis

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73
Q

material contains blueprints

A

DNA

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74
Q

how much DNA in chromosome

A

one DNA molecule

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75
Q

DNA is stored in the

A

nucleus

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76
Q

DNA is wrapped around spools that are made of eight

A

histones

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77
Q

spool plus the DNA wrapped around makes up

A

nucleosome

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78
Q

DNA stored loosely during interphase where can be accessed

A

chromatin

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79
Q

other nucleic acid besides DNA

A

RNA

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80
Q

both DNA and RNA are made of units called

A

nucleotides

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81
Q

the DNA molecule consists of twisted shapes to form a

A

double helix

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82
Q

deduced structure of DNA

A

Crick and Watson

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83
Q

Makes sure things get in the right order during replication etc

A

base pairing

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84
Q

bases of DNA nucleotides

A

cytosine
adenine
thymine
guanine

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85
Q

bases that are paired

A

adenine with thymine
guanine with cytosine

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86
Q

RNA has different base than thymine

A

uracil

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87
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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88
Q

consists of the nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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89
Q

actual nerve cells

A

neurons

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90
Q

long fibers that carry messages away from cell body

A

axon

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91
Q

short fiber carries messages to cell body

A

dendrites

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92
Q

bundles of axons

A

nerves

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93
Q

wave of electrical activity that goes down an axon to carry a message

A

action potential

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94
Q

enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and a cell

A

synapses

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95
Q

quick, automatic response

A

reflex

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96
Q

part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behavior

A

cerebrum

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97
Q

part of brain controls involuntary muscles

A

brain stem

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98
Q

controls balance and coordinates voluntary muscle activity

A

cerebellum

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99
Q

lowest part of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

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100
Q

two chemical senses

A

taste and smell

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101
Q

tough outer layer of tissue around eyes

A

sclera

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102
Q

transparent portion in front of eye that allows light to pass through

A

cornea

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103
Q

coiled tube for hearing

A

cochlea

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104
Q

nerve carries message from cochlea to brain

A

auditory nerve

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105
Q

carries message from retina to brain

A

optic nerve

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106
Q

carries message from smell receptors to brain

A

olfactory nerve

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107
Q

innermost layer of the eye that produces nerve impulses

A

reitna

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108
Q

two light sensitive cells in retina

A

rod and cone

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109
Q

sugars and starches are

A

carbs

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110
Q

complex molecules used to build and maintain cells

A

proteins

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111
Q

carbs provide

A

energy

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112
Q

lipids are

A

fats

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113
Q

proteins are made of chains of

A

amino acids

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114
Q

two groups of vitamins

A

water-soluble
fat-soluble

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115
Q

special chemicals called catalysts; important protein chemicals

A

enzymes

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116
Q

sequence of organs that food passes through

A

alimentary canal

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117
Q

four front cutting teeth

A

incisors

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118
Q

consist mainly of blood vessels and nerves in tooth

A

pulp

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119
Q

foot long tube from throat to stomach

A

esophagus

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120
Q

flap over trachea

A

epiglottis

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121
Q

digestive juices in stomach

A

gastric juice

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122
Q

primary organ of digestion and absorption

A

small intestine

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123
Q

two organs that help but food doesn’t pass through

A

pancreas and gallbaldder

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124
Q

organ that absorbs water and eliminates food wastes

A

large intestine

125
Q

other name for circulatory system

A

cardiovascular system

126
Q

carry away from heart

A

arteries

127
Q

carry to heart

A

veins

128
Q

connects veins and arteries

A

capillaries

129
Q

liquid part of blood

A

plasma

130
Q

special iron-containing blood protein

A

hemoglobin

131
Q

purpose of red blood cells

A

carry oxygen

132
Q

where is blood made

A

bone marrow

133
Q

purpose of leukocytes

A

fight against disease

134
Q

antigens discovered in rhesus monkey

A

Rh factor

135
Q

bloody type that is a universal donor

A

O

136
Q

blood type of universal recipient

A

AB

137
Q

inability to form blood clots

A

hemophilia

138
Q

valve between left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

139
Q

valve between right atrium and left ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

140
Q

valve at exit to left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

141
Q

allows blood to exit right ventricle

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

142
Q

pulmonary means

A

lungs

143
Q

largest vein

A

venae cava

144
Q

largest artery

A

aorta

145
Q

transfers blood from heart to lungs

A

pulmonary artery

146
Q

brings blood from lungs to heart

A

pulmonary veins

147
Q

special branches off aorta that penetrate into myocardium

A

coronary arteries

148
Q

movement of blood through all except lungs

A

systemic circulation

149
Q

force exerted by blood

A

blood pressure

150
Q

windpipe

A

trachea

151
Q

air sacs where gases are exchanged

A

alveoli

152
Q

muscle divides domes

A

diaphragm

153
Q

voice box

A

larynx

154
Q

three layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

155
Q

layer has nerve endings

A

dermis (most complex)

156
Q

subsystem in excretory system that includes ureters, bladder

A

urinary

157
Q

most important excretory system organ

A

kidneys

158
Q

filtering units in kidneys

A

nephrons

159
Q

master gland

A

pituitary

160
Q

makes hormone determines rate food converted into energy

A

thyroid

161
Q

makes insulin

A

islets of Langerhans

162
Q

sits on kidneys

A

adrenal glands

163
Q

hormones prepares for danger

A

epinephrine

164
Q

pineal glands make this hormone

A

melatonin

165
Q

reproductive organs are called

A

gonads

166
Q

sac of blood vessels that connect baby and mom

A

placenta

167
Q

connects placenta

A

umbilical cord

168
Q

any condition that interferes with normal function of the body

A

disease

169
Q

any organism that gets inside and causes disease

A

pathogen

170
Q

diseases that are caused by pathogens

A

infectious

171
Q

immunological diseases that is most common

A

allergies

172
Q

noninfectious disease caused by runaway growth of body cells

A

cancer

173
Q

second leading cause of death

A

cancer

174
Q

molecules of genetic material enclosed in capsid

A

virus

175
Q

condition of having resistance to a pathogen

A

immunity

176
Q

commands man to subdue the earth

A

Gen 1:28

177
Q

idea that living things arise from nonliving things

A

spontaneous generation

178
Q

says all living things develop from common ancestor

A

evolution

179
Q

event that loosened the grip of superstition and refocused on Scripture

A

Protestant Reformation

180
Q

proteins are made of

A

amino acids

181
Q

primary digestive organ

A

smll intestine

182
Q

absorbs water and eliminates wastes

A

large intestine

183
Q

the extent a certain allele eists in population

A

allele frequency

184
Q

when both alleles of trait are equally expressed

A

codominance

185
Q

idea that there are more than two different alleles for gene of particular trait

A

multiple allele inheritance

186
Q

when genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits

A

pleiotropy

187
Q

trait influenced by number of different genes

A

polygenic inheritance

188
Q

sex-linked disorders

A

color blindness and hemophilia

189
Q

Father of Anatomy

A

Vesalius

190
Q

English physician that studied circulation of the heart

A

Harvey

191
Q

studied cells of cork

A

Robert Hooke

192
Q

tentative solution

A

hypothesis

193
Q

proven hypothesis

A

theory

194
Q

spontaneous generation was demolished by the studies of

A

Pasteur

195
Q

living things have to come from other living things

A

law of biogenesis

196
Q

present is the key to the past

A

uniformitarianism

197
Q

idea that the strongest organisms survive and make new kind

A

natural selection

198
Q

changes within a specific kind

A

speciation

199
Q

fossils that would connect different times

A

transitional forms

200
Q

supposedly earliest ape-like ancestor

A

Australopithecus afarensis

201
Q

ideas of evolution were challenged by the discoveries of

A

Mendel

202
Q

home of organism

A

habitat

203
Q

the layer in which life is

A

biosphere

204
Q

large areas with characteristic vegetation

A

biomes

205
Q

basic unit of ecology

A

ecosystem

206
Q

producers

A

autotrophs

207
Q

consumers

A

heterotrophs

208
Q

classification that descrbes the feeding relations to other animals

A

trophic level

209
Q

shows one way transfer of one trophic level to the next

A

food chain

210
Q

biome with harsh winters and permafrost

A

arctic tundra

211
Q

harsh long winters, longer summer, rarely permafrost

A

northern coniferous forest

212
Q

near equator; abundant rain

A

tropical rainforest

213
Q

replacement of early pioneer species

A

succession

214
Q

means remain constant temperature

A

homeothermic

215
Q

most mammals are __________________ in reproduction

A

placental

216
Q

in reproduction process, platypus and echidna are

A

oviparous (lay eggs)

217
Q

shrews, hedgehogs, and moles are

A

insectivores

218
Q

flying mammals

A

bats

219
Q

two groups of whales

A

toothed and baleen

220
Q

the sperm whale is

A

toothed

221
Q

mostly arboreal mammals

A

primates

222
Q

hooved mammals

A

ungulates

223
Q

rhinos, tapirs, and horses

A

perissodactyl (odd-toed)

224
Q

cows are

A

artiodactyls (even-hooved)

225
Q

chew cud

A

ruminants

226
Q

scientists who study birds

A

ornithologists

227
Q

chambers in a bird’s heart

A

4

228
Q

contour feathers on the wings

A

flight feathers

229
Q

clear eyelid on lizards

A

nictitating membrane

230
Q

muscular organ that grinds food

A

gizzard

231
Q

bird breaths ______________ lungs, not _____ lungs

A

THROUGH
not IN

232
Q

dense chord in bird egg

A

chalaza

233
Q

means animals temperature fluctuates

A

poikilothermic

234
Q

chambers in most reptiles

A

3

235
Q

the only reptile group that has a four-chambered heart

A

crocodilians

236
Q

means hatch within body

A

ovoviviparous

237
Q

snake do not have ___________________ they just have a ________________ over their eyes

A

nictitating membrane
scales

238
Q

bone that attaches the snake’s movable jaw to its skull

A

quadrate bone

239
Q

the Jacobson’s organ is used fr

A

smell

240
Q

scientists who study reptiles and amphibians

A

herpetologists

241
Q

have sensory depression

A

pit viper

242
Q

have fangs that retract

A

vipers

243
Q

three groups of amphibians

A

frogs and toads,
salamanders
caecilians

244
Q

frogs and toads together are called

A

anurans

245
Q

adult frogs can breathe with

A

lungs, lining in mouth cavity, and skin

246
Q

development of frogs

A

metamorhposis

247
Q

chambers in ALL amphibians hearts

A

3

248
Q

ribosomes are attached to

A

rough ER

249
Q

shipping center

A

Golgi apparatus

250
Q

storage spaces, large in plant cells

A

vacuoles

251
Q

entire life and reproduction of cells

A

cell cycle

252
Q

when the nucleus of cell divides to create new nuclei with same chromosomes

A

mitosis

253
Q

four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

254
Q

transmission of information from parent or offspring

A

heredity

255
Q

units of genetic information in chromosomes

A

genes

256
Q

specialization to form specific cells (nerve, skin, etc)

A

differentiation

257
Q

have full set of 46 chromosomes

A

diploid set

258
Q

refers to egg and sperm

A

gametes

259
Q

cell that undergoes meiosis to form gametes

A

germ cell

260
Q

chromosomes in zygote

A

46

261
Q

makes sexual reproduction possible

A

meiosis

262
Q

makes asexual reproduction possible

A

mitosis

263
Q

genetics is

A

scientific study of heredity

264
Q

different forms of gen for particular trait

A

alleles

265
Q

two identical alleles for same gene

A

homozygous

266
Q

one allele different

A

heterozygous

267
Q

discovered law of dominance

A

Mendel

268
Q

term Mendel used for homozygous

A

pure

269
Q

alleles for each trait separate randomly during formation of gametes

A

law of segregation

270
Q

discovered law of segregation

A

Mendel

271
Q

mixing or blending of traits

A

incomplete dominance

272
Q

says that many trait are inherited independently from each other

A

law of independent assortment

273
Q

discovered law of independent assortment

A

Mendel

274
Q

says that segregation of one gene does not influence sorting of another

A

law of independent assortment

275
Q

traits inherited together

A

linkage

276
Q

do genes that demonstrate linkage follow law of independent assortment?

A

NO

277
Q

process of genes on same chromosome to be inherited independently

A

recombination

278
Q

stated chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Sutton

279
Q

discovered sex chromosomes

A

Morgan

280
Q

sex chromosomes pair for male

A

XY

281
Q

sex chromosome pair for female

A

XX

282
Q

the extent certain allele exists in population

A

allele frequency

283
Q

disorder caused by recessive trait does not give the person the disease but makes him a

A

carrier

284
Q

when both alleles are equally expressed

A

codominance

285
Q

situation of codominance issue

A

sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait

286
Q

when one gene is normal and the other is sickle cell prone

A

sickle cell trait (not have disease) (have to inherit from both parents)

287
Q

benefits of sickle cell trait

A

resistance to malaria

288
Q

more than two different alleles in specific trait

A

multiple allele inheritance

289
Q

exmples of multiple allele inheritance

A

ABO blood group

290
Q

situation in which genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits

A

pleiotropy

291
Q

example of pleiotropy

A

sickle cell trait giving a resistance to malaria

292
Q

characteristic influence by number of different genes

A

polygenic inheritance

293
Q

two sex-linked diseases

A

hemophilia and colorblindness (more likely in male)

294
Q

amount of DNA in chromosome

A

one DNA molecule

295
Q

DNA stored loosely

A

chromatin

296
Q

process of DNA to RNA to protein

A

central dogma of molecular biology

297
Q

making RNA

A

transcription

298
Q

the equivalence of codon to amino acids

A

genetic code

299
Q

brings amino acids to ribosome

A

transfer RNA

300
Q

allows the opposite base pair with codon

A

anticodon

301
Q

using genetic engineering for plants is

A

good

302
Q

two groups of fish

A

cartilaginous and bony

303
Q

fin that serves as a rudder

A

caudal fin

304
Q

chambers in a fish heart

A

2

305
Q

cartilaginous fish examples

A

sharks, rays, chimaeras, hagfish, lampreys

306
Q

jointed appendages

A

arthropods

307
Q

crickets, grasshoppers, and mantises belong to the order

A

Orthoptera

308
Q

aquatics arthropods

A

crustaceans

Biology (48 decks)

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