SCIENCE on reproductive system Flashcards
what male reproductive part carries sperm out of the testes
vas deferens
what part of the male reproductive system are sperms temporarily stored?
epididymis
Which phase in the menstrual cycle does secondary oocyte get released from the ovary?
ovulation
What embryonic developments occurs after the cleavages have fused into a sold group of cells?
morula
in males, which of the following hormones stimulate sperm production?
FSH(Follicle-stimulating hormone)
These are regulating and complex chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that are carried through the bloodstream to the target organ in many areas of the body.
hormones
What type of hormones controls the “fight or flight” response of the body?
adrenalin/e
What type of hormones regulates the rate of metabolism?
thyroxine
What type of hormone controls the level of sugar in the blood?
insulin
What part of the neuron receives stimulus from sensory receptors?
dendrites
What diseases in the endocrine system happens if there is low sugar in the blood
hypoglycemia
Why is the fallopian tube important?
a. It provides a suitable place for fertilization.
b. It is a passage way leading the sperm to the egg
- Which of the following statements is NOT true about the menstrual cycle?
a. Some females’ menstrual cycles are as short as 21 days
b. Females begin to menstruate between the ages of 15 and 17.
c. The menstrual cycle begins when an egg matures or ripens in one of the ovaries.
d. Both A and B
b
Why are hormones important in human reproduction?
a They help in the contraction and relaxation of the muscles
They are responsible for the secretion of fluid that nourishes the sperm
c. They stimulate the production of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
d. Both A and C are correct.
c
15 which of the following statements is NOT a negative feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis in the body?
a. You cannot hold your breath for a long time
b. Minimize any changes or conditions of the body
c. The skin releases heat energy and helps warm the body back to 38°C.
d. the evaporation of sweat from the skin has a strong cooling effect.
c
is the tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body which carries urine and sperm
urethra
parts and function of the male reproductive system
- urethra
- penis
- testes
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- scrotum
is a soft, tubular organ that hangs front of the body and is the external sexual organ of the male through which the sperm are delivered into the female’s body
penis
it contains erectile tissue in which the penis becomes larger and stiffer due to increase flow of blood during
ejaculation
are made up of coiled tubules in which the sperm are produced
testes
they produced the male sex hormones called ____________ for the production of sperm
testosterone
is a coiled j-shaped tube located on the back of each testicle
epididymis
it stores the sperm for two to four days after they have been produced
epididymis
is the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of each testicle
vas deferens
is a pouch of skin that hangs from the penis which houses the testes and it protects the sperm by keeping the temperature of the testes slightly lower than the normal body temperature in order for the sperm to survive
scrotum
glands and ducts of the male reproductive system
- vas deferens
- urethra
- seminal vesicles
- ejaculatory ducts
a tube that is about 18 inches (45 cm) long that loops over the urinary bladder
vas deferens
a common tube where urine and semen passes; the valve within the _______ prevents the mixing of urine and sperm
urethra
a pair of _______ ________ at the base of the urinary bladder that secretes a thick fluid that nourishes the sperm
seminal vesicles
are the tubes that are lined with muscles
ejaculatory ducts
these muscles contract to force the semen out of the body during ejaculation
ejaculatory ducts
is a unique structure located in the testis
sperm cell
its primarily function is to fertilize the egg
sperm cell
males have two ______found inside the scrotum
testes
males have two testes found inside the _______
scrotum
it produces millions of sperm cells which can be observed only under a microscope.
testes
the sperm cells which come from the testes, then travels to the _________ where they are temporarily stored until during ejaculation
epididymis
along the way, the sperms combine with the nutrient secretions from the prostate gland and seminal gland vesicles. this mixture is called
semen
the semen will be transported into the urethra and out of the _____
penis
the semen will be transported into the _______ and out of the penis
urethra
parts and function of the female reproductive system
- ovaries
- fallopian/uterine tubes
- uterus/womb
- cervix
- vagina/birth canal
- vulva
the two _______ are small and almond-shaped organs
ovaries
it is located inside the female; one on each side of the body a few inches below the waist
ovaries
just like the testes, the ovaries secrete hormones called ________ and ____________ to produce mature egg cells
estrogen and progesterone
the egg cell begins to mature when the female reaches
puberty
during puberty, the ovaries produce and release one ripened egg every 28 days. this process is called
ovulation
these are two tubes that extend from each ovary into the uterus
fallopian/uterine tubes
their main function is to house the egg until fertilization
fallopian/uterine tubes
afterward, it provides a passage way leading the sperm to the egg and the fertilized egg to the uterus
fallopian/uterine tubes
is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located between the two ovaries.
uterus
however, if the eggs remain unfertilized, the uterine wall sheds and passes through the vagina, which leaves the body as
menstrual discharge
it is where the fertilized egg will develop and grow into offspring.
uterus
a narrow structure within an inch-long canal connecting the lower end of the uterus to the upper portion of the vagina
cervix
is the hollow tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body
vagina/birth canal
the wall is elastic which allows it to expand during childbirth and sexual intercourse
vagina/birth canal
in female
the external genitalia
vulva
is the hairy skin-covered pad of fat over the pubic bone
mons veneris
is the small lips covered with modified skin
labia minora
is the large lips covered with pubic hair
labia majora
is the small almond-shaped erectile tissue located below the junction of two minora
clitoris
is the opening into the vagina
vaginal orifice
in female
what are the external genitalia that includes the following parts:
- mons veneris
- labia minora
- labia majora
- clitoris
- vaginal orifice
play an important role that regulate the function of the entire body or just a specific organ of the body
hormones
associated with the reproductive system carry out a specific role during puberty, ovulation, pregnancy, and development.
hormones
the reproductive gland are controlled by the pituitary gland, which is controlled by the
hypothalamus
the reproductive glands of boys and girls usually work at low levels until the age of
10
after this age, hormone levels begin to increase, and physical changes start to develop
10
hypothalamus releases chemical signals to the pituitary gland, among others, to start producing two hormones responsible for reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
both males and females produce these kinds of hormones. They affect the testes in men and the ovaries in women.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
in females, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce ________ and ____________.
estrogen and progesterone.
these hormones are responsible to produce ova or mature egg cells
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
what are the glands
- testes (male)
- ovaries (female)
- Pituitary
what hormone does the gland testes (male) produce
testosterone
it regulates the development of the male sex organs while still an embryo
testosterone
in male
it also controls sex drive and secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
testosterone
what hormones does the gland ovaries (female) produce
- estrogen
- progesterone
it controls sex drive and regulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty
estrogen
it controls the development of the endometrium (mucus membrane lining the womb) during the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy
progesterone
what hormones does the pituitary glands produce
- prolactin
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands
prolactin
in females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation of egg cells, and progesterone production; whereas in males, it stimulates sperm and testosterone production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
in females, it stimulates the maturation of egg cells in the ovary and estrogen production; whereas males, it stimulates sperm production
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
how many phases are there during the menstrual cycle
- proliferative phase
- ovulation
- luteal phase
what phase is this
during menstruation, the endometrium breaks down
- proliferative phase
what phase is this
in the ovary, the follicle matures and rebuilds the endometrium
- proliferative phase
how long does the proliferative phase
last
1-13 days
what phase is this
a secondary oocyte is released from an ovary
- ovulation
how long does the ovulation phase last
14 days
what phase is this
formation of the corpus luteum; endometrium thickens and develops
luteal phase
how long does luteal phase last
15-28 days
name the stages of embryonic animal development
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- cleavage and blastulation
- gastrulation
- organogenesis
- growth and tissue specialization
name the process of fertilization and the development of the human embryo
- first week of development
- the embryo
- the fetus
is the formation of the gamete (sperm and egg).
gametogenesis
this is the first stage of an animal development in which the sperm and egg form and develop inside the reproductive systems under the control of parental genes
gametogenesis
is the next stage when the sperm penetrates an egg then fusion of their nucleus take place
fertilization
the 3rd stage when the fertilized egg undergoes series of mitotic cell divisions and later becomes the early embryo
cleavage and blastulation
also, a fluid-filled cavity is formed inside the developing embryo.
cleavage and blastulation
next stage to organize cell migration patterns in the embryo to form the 3 germ layers ( region layers of cells forming all organs of the animal body).
gastrulation
a process of cell differentiation and formation of all major organs once the germ layers have formed
organogenesis
last stage when the organs acquire their unique structures and chemical properties
growth and tissue specialization
union of a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell from a female is called fertilization
- first week of development
after fertilization of the egg cell, the zygote travels in the fallopian tube to get nutrients from maternal secretions, then it will undergo the process of mitosis which forms cleavages
- first week of development
when it reaches the uterus, cleavages have transformed into a solid group of cells called morula and later on will develop into a blastocyst
- first week of development
there is an inner cell mass of the blastocyst having a surface cell layer called the trophoblast
- first week of development
secretion of chronic gonadotropin from trophoblast helps to maintain the corpus luteum to grow and to secrete estrogens and progesterone.
- first week of development
these hormones help the uterine lining to do its task during pregnancy
- first week of development
once the blastocyst is formed, it begins to adhere to the uterine lining.
- first week of development
this process of attachment is also known as implantation
- first week of development
after the blastocyst has been implanted, it is now called an embryo
- first week of development
in first week of development
union of a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell from a female is called
fertilization
in first week of development
after fertilization of the egg cell, the ______ travels in the fallopian tube to get nutrients from maternal secretions, then it will undergo the process of mitosis which forms cleavages
zygote
in first week of development
after fertilization of the egg cell, the zygote travels in the fallopian tube to get nutrients from maternal secretions, then it will undergo the process of mitosis which forms
cleavages
in first week of development
when it reaches the uterus, cleavages have transformed into a solid group of cells called morula and later on will develop into a
blastocyst
in first week of development
there is an inner cell mass of the blastocyst having a surface cell layer called the
trophoblast
in first week of development
secretion of ______ ___________ from trophoblast helps to maintain the corpus luteum to grow and to secrete estrogens and progesterone.
chronic gonadotropin
in first week of development
these hormones help the uterine lining to do its task during pregnancy
estrogens and progesterone.
in first week of development
once the _________ is formed, it begins to adhere to the uterine lining.
blastocyst
in first week of development
this process of attachment is also known as
implantation
in first week of development
after the blastocyst has been implanted, it is now called an
embryo
initial development stage in humans after fertilization
- the embryo
bond the holds the _______ to the wall of the uterus is called placenta
- the embryo
approximately 25 days after fertilization, a cord forms between the ________ and the sac ( called the placenta )
- the embryo
this cord is referred to as the umbilical cord which is the embryo’s lifeline, meaning the _______ gets its oxygen and food from the mother from the placenta through the umbilical cord
- the embryo
developing ______ is enclosed in a sac of a thin sheet of tissue called the amniotic sac
- the embryo
within this sac is amniotic fluid where the ________ is suspended
- the embryo
this fluid serves as a shock absorber and helps the ______ to maintain its temperature
- the embryo
bond the holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus is called _______
placenta
approximately __ ____ after fertilization, a cord forms between the embryo and the sac ( called the placenta )
25 days
this cord is referred to as the _________ _____ which is the embryo’s lifeline, meaning the embryo gets its oxygen and food from the mother from the placenta through the ________ ____
umbilical cord
developing embryo is enclosed in a sac of a thin sheet of tissue called the
amniotic sac
within this sac is __________ ___ where the embryo is suspended
amniotic sac
this fluid serves as a shock absorber and helps the embryo to maintain its temperature
amniotic sac
after 2 months, the embryo is about 1.2 inches (3 cm) long and has a recognizable human form or a
- the fetus
grows with the help of the placenta
- the fetus
the placenta connects to the developing embryo through the umbilical cord
- the fetus
at 4 months, _____ slightly moves and can be recognized
- the fetus
the baby’s eyelashes are formed, and eyelids are recognizable at 7 months
- the fetus
all the organs are well developed in the ninth month and the baby is ready by then
- the fetus
at _ ________, the fetus slightly moves and can be recognized
4 months
What size is the fetus
after 2 months, the embryo is about ___ ________ ____ _____ and has a recognizable human form or a fetus
1.2 inches (3 cm) long
