``` Temp >38 or 90bpm Resp rate >20 WCC >12 or 7.7 Confusion ```

Revision Questions Flashcards by Giorgia Tanner

What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Osmotic barrier
Energy production
Transport
Make new cell wall
Anchor chromosome

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What are the benefits of the LPS bilayer in gram negative bacteria?

Adhesion
Resistance to phagocytosis
Molecular sieve

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Which gram stain can produce spores?

Positive

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Transformation

Take up of fragmented plasmids

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Conjugation

Plasmid transfer between bacterial cells

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Transduction

Bacteriophage

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Transposition

Transposons move within genome

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What evidence of viruses can be seen under light microscope?

Inclusion bodies: virus induced masses within the cytoplasm of cells

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Pathogens for contact precautions

MRSA
VRE
Diarrhoeal diseases

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PPE for contact precautions

Apron and gloves

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Pathogens for contact plus precuations

Carbapenem resistant enterobacterales

C.diff

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PPE for contact plus

Long sleeve gown and gloves

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Pathogens for droplet and contact precautions

Influenza
RSV
SARS

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PPE for droplet and contact

Apron
Surgical mask
Gloves

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Pathogens for airborne precautions

TB
Measles
VZV

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PPE for airborne precautions

Apron
FFP2 mask
Gloves

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SIRS criteria

Temp >38 or <36
HR>90bpm
Resp rate >20
WCC >12 or <4
Blood glucose >7.7
Confusion

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Which pathogen that causes UTIs is associated with kidney stone formation?

Proteus

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What virulence factor of pseudomonas impairs cilia?

Pyocyanin

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Classic gram stain of neisseria

Red kidney beans

Intracellular (neutrophils)

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What does neisseria need to enhance growth?

Added CO2

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What type of toxin does N. meningitidis produce?

LOS endotoxin

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What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage

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What agar is used for N.meningitidis?

Blood and chocolate

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What is the antibiotic treatment of N. meningitidis?

Ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin)

What cells have LOS receptors?

Urethral epithelial cells and sperm

What particular virulence factor of n. gonorrhoea and non encapsulated haemophilus influenza allow them to adhere to mucous membranes?

IgA protease

How does disseminated gonorrhoea present?

BSI Septic arthritis Increased risk in pregnancy and transmission to baby at delivery

What are the effects of gonorrhoea in pregnancy?

Increases risk of preterm delivery and chorioamnionitis | Purulent conjunctivitis in neonate

What agar does n. gonorrhoea grow on?

NYC agar

Why do mycobacteria not stain with gram stain?

High lipid content in cell wall

What is the disadvantage to IGRA?

Doesn't distinguish latent and active TB

What cell is leprosy found in?

Macrophages

What is the primary target of leprosy?

Schwann cells

What is the treatment for leprosy?

Dapsone Rifampicin Clofazizmine

What antigen is present on the capsule of encapsulated haemophilus influenza b?

PRP

What is the appearance of h. influenza?

Pleomorphic gram - coccobacilli

what is needed for the growth of h. influenza?

5% CO2 | X factor and V factor (chocolate agar)

What is X factor?

Haemantin

What is V factor?

NAD

What antibiotics is h.influenza resistant to?

Intrinsically to beta lactams

What is the treatment for respiratory h.influenza?

Co-amoxiclav

What is the treatment for invasive h.influenza?

Ceftriaxone

Stages of whooping cough

Catarrhal Paroxysmal Convalescent

Appearance of bordetella pertussis

Small gram negative coccobacillus

What agar does pertussis grow on?

Charcoal

What is the treatment of pertussis?

Macrolide in catarrhal stage can eliminate it

Appearance of legionella

Non-capsuled gram negative bacillus

What agar is legionella grown on?

BCYE

Treatment of legionella

Macrolide

How are spirochaetes diagnosed in the lab?

Fluorescent microscopy PCR Serology

What is the difference in the use of non-treponemal and treponemal tests?

Non-treponemal used to monitor treatment response and detect reinfection Treponemal detects whether there has ever been an active infection

What is the treatment for syphilis/lyme disease/leptospirosis?

Penicillin | Doxycycline if allergic

What is the treatment for neuroborreliosis?

Ceftriaxone

What serovars of chlamydia cause what diseases?

A-C: trachoma D-K: inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, STI L: lymphogranuloma venerum

What disease is caused by rickettsia rickettsii?

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Appearance of rickettsia

Gram negative | Obligate intracellular

What reaction is seen in serology for rickettsia?

Weil-Felix

What is the treatment for rickettsia?

Doxycycline

What disease is caused by coxiella?

Q fever

What is the most common manifestation of chronic coxiella?

Culture negative endocarditis

What are the subtypes of the mycoplasma species?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum

What is the treatment of mycoplasma species?

Doxycycline | Macrolides for pneumonia

Appearance of corynebacteria

Gram positive bacilli in chinese letter shapes

What agar is used for diphtheria?

Tellurite | Loeffler's

What test is used to test the toxicity of diphtheria?

Elek test