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FIM > 30. Upper RTIs > Flashcards

30. Upper RTIs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for URTIs?

A 
Age
Gender
Seasonal
Travel
Sick contacts
Smoking
Underlying conditions
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2
Q

What age is the peak for pharyngitis?

A

4-7

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3
Q

What age is peak for epiglottitis?

A

3

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4
Q

What age is peak for laryngitis and laryngotrachulobronchitis?

A

2

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5
Q

How are URTIs spread?

A

Droplet
Fomites
Aspiration
Direct (ventilator)

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6
Q

What pathogens are responsible for the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus
Coronaviruses
RSV

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7
Q

How long does the common cold last?

A

3-14 days

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8
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

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9
Q

What are the most common causes of sinusitis?

A

Rhinovirus

Influenza

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10
Q

What are the bacterial causes of sinusitis?

A

Strep pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

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11
Q

When should a sinusitis be suspected of being bacterial?

A 
High fever
Facial pain
Lasts longer than 10 days
Maxillary toothache
Cacosmia (bad smell)
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12
Q

What investigations should be done into suspected sinusitis?

A

X-ray
CT
Aspirate fluid for culture

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13
Q

What can be seen on x-ray in sinusitis?

A

Fluid level and thickening of soft tissue

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14
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

Viral will resolve spontaneously
Bacterial: amoxicillin or clarithromycin
Decongestants and analgesia
Surgical debridement if fungal

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15
Q

What are the complications of sinusitis?

A

Meningitis
Brain abscess
Orbital cellulitis
Bronchitis

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16
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Fluid in the middle ear with signs of acute illness

Usually a complication of viral URTI due to congestion of the eustachian tube or bacterial from sinusitis

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media?

A

Fever
Ear pain
Discharge
Red tympanic membrane

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18
Q

What investigations should be done into suspected otitis media?

A

Otoscopy

Tympanocentesis

19
Q

What treatment should be given for otitis media?

A

5 days of antibiotics if severe

Analgesia

20
Q

What are the complications of otitis media?

A

Chronic otitis media
Mastoiditis
Attic infection

21
Q

What are the most common causes of a sore throat?

A

Adenovirus

EBV

22
Q

What are the bacterial causes of a sore throat?

A

Strep pyogenes

C. diphtheria

23
Q

What symptoms are specific to diphtheria?

A

Bull neck

Pseudomembrane

24
Q

What micro investigations can be done for a sore throat?

A

Throat swab
Serology in EBV
Blood cultures in epiglottitis

25
Q

What conditions should antibiotics be given for a sore throat?

A 
3 of:
-fever
-purulent tonsilitis
-otitis media
-no cough
-cervical adenopathy
or a positive culture
26
Q

What is the treatment of group A strep?

A

10 days of penicillin

Given to prevent sequelae rather than treat

27
Q

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

A

Diphtheria antitoxin
Benzylpenicillin and erythromycin
Airway management, ECG, cardiac enzymes and neuro

28
Q

What precautions should be taken if the patient has diphtheria?

A

Droplet precautions

Notify lab and public health

29
Q

What are the symptoms of laryngitis?

A

Hoarseness

Hyperaemic vocal cords

30
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Cellulitis of epiglottis with potential for airway obstruction

31
Q

What are the common pathogens in epiglottitis?

A

H. influenzae
Group A strep
Strep pneumoniae

32
Q

What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?

A

Drooling
Dysphagia
Stridor
Dyspnoea

33
Q

What is the correct management of epiglottitis?

A

Urgent hospital admission to secure airway
Blood cultures
Epiglottic swab only if airway secure
IV cefuroxamine

34
Q

What are the common pathogens in croup?

A

Parainfluenza
Influenza
RSV

35
Q

What are the symptoms of croup?

A

Seal-like cough
Inspiratory stridor
Breathlessness

36
Q

What is the treatment of croup?

A

Corticosteroids

Humidified oxygen

37
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

38
Q

What are the common pathogens that cause acute bronchitis?

A

Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Influenza

39
Q

What are the bacterial causes of acute bronchitis?

A

Bordetella
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma

40
Q

What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

A

Non productive cough
Substernal pain
Fever

41
Q

What pathogens cause acute COPD exacerbation?

A

Influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirus

Haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumoniae

42
Q

When should antibiotics be given in an acute COPD exacerbation?

A

If ventilation is required

Increase in sputum purulence and volume or increased dyspnoea

43
Q

What antibiotics are given in COPD exacerbations?

A

Amoxicillin
Clarithromycin
Doxycycline

FIM (44 decks)

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