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FIM > 5. Intro to Viruses > Flashcards

5. Intro to Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of microscope do you use to see a virus?

A

Electron

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2
Q

Which virus family does influenza belong to?

A

Orthomyxovirus

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3
Q

Through which mechanism do retroviruses, such as HIV, spread from one cell to another in an infected host?

A

Nuclear

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4
Q

Traditionally, which approach was used to detect viruses in specimens from infected patients?

A

Tissue culture and light microscopy

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5
Q

How are viruses classified?

A 
Phenotype
Nucleic acid
How they replicate
Host
Disease
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6
Q

What type of capsid does herpes simplex virus have?

A

Icosahedral

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7
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell made of capsomers

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of capsids?

A

Icosahedral
Helical
Complex

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9
Q

What is the structure of an icosahedral capsid?

A

20 equilateral triangles

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10
Q

What type of capsid do coronaviruses have?

A

Helical

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11
Q

What parts of the virus interact with host cell receptors and contains antigens?

A

Capsid

Envelope

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12
Q

What are the advantages to capsids?

A

Resistant to drying, heat, acids, proteases

Survive in GIT and in environment

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages to capsids?

A

Humoral response may be enough to kill the virus

Needs to kill cells to spread

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14
Q

What is a virus envelope made up of?

A

Phospholipids and glycoprotein

Taken from host cell membranes

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15
Q

What surface polypeptide helps influenza to bind to sites on the host cell?

A

Haemaglutinins

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of envelopes?

A

Can’t survive in GIT

Need to stay wet in transmission, so spread through large droplets

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17
Q

What are the advantages of envelopes?

A

Don’t need to kill cells to spread

Need both the humoral and cellular response

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18
Q

What are the methods of virus acquisition?

A 
Vector
Inhalation
Faecal oral
Blood borne
Sexual
Congenital
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19
Q

What is tropism?

A

Virus is specific for a certain cell type

20
Q

What factors influences the tropism of a virus?

A 
Cell receptor
Cell transcription factors (recognise viral promoters etc)
Ability to support viral replication
Physical barriers
Environment
Digestive enzymes and bile
21
Q

What are the 5 stages in virus replication?

A 
Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Synthesis and assembly
Release
22
Q

What are the 2 methods of viral penetration?

A

Internalised via endocytosis

Envelope fuses with membrane

23
Q

What is the purpose of uncoating?

A

Makes the virus’s genome available

24
Q

How does a non-enveloped virus get released?

A

Lysis or exocytosis

25
Q

How does an enveloped virus get released?

A

Budding

26
Q

What effect do viruses have on host cells?

A

Cell death
Tranformation to malignant or pre-malignant
Latent infection

27
Q

What ways can viral infections spread within the body?

A

Intracellular
Extracellular (blood and lymph)
Neural (PNS to CNS)
Nuclear (virus genome added to host’s)

28
Q

What 3 ways can viral infections be combatted?

A

Directly inactivate
Increase host response
Inhibit viral replication

29
Q

Name a drug that inhibits viral replication

A

Aciclover

30
Q

What ways can viruses be identified in culture?

A

Immunofluorescence
Neutralisation
Haemabsorption inhibition

31
Q

What does serology test for?

A

Viral antigens

Antibody produced against viral antigen

32
Q

What is used to detect viral antibodies?

A

ELISA

33
Q

What method can be used to detect resistance to antivirals?

A

PCR

34
Q

What is the cytopathic effect?

A

The way the presence of a virus can be seen in culture
Ballooning or shrivelling of cells
Disruption of cell monolayer

35
Q

What virus is associated with liver cancer?

A

Hep B and C

36
Q

What virus is associated with cervical cancer?

A

Papillomavirus

37
Q

What virus is associated with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer?

A

Epstein Barr

38
Q

What virus can spread along neurons?

A

Rabies

39
Q

What type of virus is hepatitis B?

A

Hepadna DNA virus

40
Q

What type of virus is influenza?

A

Orthomyxo RNA virus

41
Q

What type of viruses are polio and hepatitis A?

A

Picorna RNA

42
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retro RNA virus

43
Q

Name a virus that spreads intracellularly

A

HSV

44
Q

Name a virus that spreads extracellularly

A

Influenza

45
Q

Name a virus that spreads in neurons

A

Rabies, HSV

46
Q

What can be seen in hippocampal cells in rabies?

A

Negri bodies

FIM (44 decks)

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