RESP Infection

Question 1

what is pharyngitis and tonsillar pharyngitis and what are the causes

Answer 1

inflammation of the back of the throat = sore throat and fever
virus most common - rhinovirus, COVID etc
bacteria - GABHS
rare diphtheria

Question 2

what is infectious mononucleosis and its triad of symptoms

Answer 2

caused by EBV and CMV - inflamed tonsils and soft palate inflammation - posterior cervical lymphadenopathy
mainly in teenagers
fever, tonsillar pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 3

what happens if given ampicillin to someone with infectious mononucleosis

Answer 3

mac-pap rash

Question 4

what is epiglottitis

Answer 4

sudden onset sore throat an systemic symptoms with no inflammation of tonsil or oropharynx
always caused by bacterial infection

Question 5

what in general terms in otitis externa

Answer 5

inflammation of the external ear canal with a combination of symptoms - otalgia, pruritus (itching) and non-mucoid ear discharge

Question 6

what is the cause and treatment of acute otitis externa

Answer 6

90% bacteria - s. aureus or aeruginosa

remove pus and debris, analgesia and antimicrobials

Question 7

what is malignant necrosotising external otitis, symptoms and treatment

Answer 7

affects base skull - life threatening
immunocomprismied or elderly
severe pain and otorrhea, cranial nerve palsies

referral to ENT

Question 8

what are the symptoms of chronic otitis externa

Answer 8

blockage due to keratin and skin thickening - contact dermatitis due to another underlying cause

Question 9

what is otitis media, subtypes and management

Answer 9

middle ear inflation and build up of fluid
common in children
uncomplicated
complicated - severe pain, perforated eardrum, mastoiditis
usually viral infection - amoxicillin

Question 10

what is pinna cellulitis, complication and management

Answer 10

trauma such as ear piercing or surgery - aeruginosa or s, aureus infection
perichondritis - inflammation of connective tissue of the pinna - blood cultures for antibiotics

Question 11

what is the definition of pneumonia

Answer 11

infection affecting the most distal airways and alveoli with formation of inflammatory exudate

Question 12

what are the two anatomical patterns of pneumonia

Answer 12

bronchopneumonia - patchy on bronchioles

lobar pneumonia - affects entirety of alveoli - 90% s. pnuemia

Question 13

what is community acquired pneumonia and what investigations are used for it

Answer 13

CAP
person to person, s. pneumonia or enterobacterase
CRUB65, sputum culture

Question 14

what are the most common organisms to cause hospital acquired pneumonia

Answer 14

pseudomonas

Question 15

which microbes cause aspiration pneumonia and what is it

Answer 15

anaerobes - abnormal entry of fluids into the lower respiratory tract

Question 16

what are 4 types of atypical pneumonia

Answer 16

mycoplasma
legionella
chlamydioophilia pneumonia / psittci

Question 17

what type of pneumonia is associated with exposure to birds

Answer 17

chlamydiophilla psittaci

Question 18

what are some complications of pneumonia

Answer 18

abscess, plural effusion, empyema

Question 19

what are 4 types of viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI)

Answer 19

influenza
CMV
VZV
rhinovirus

Question 20

what can influenza lead to and what are the common bacteria that cause it

Answer 20

viral pneumonia

bacterial pneumonia - H. influenza, s aureus

Question 21

what LRT infection can result due to varicella zoster and who are most at risk

Answer 21

pneumonia - high mortality in adults

immuncomprimised, chronic lung disease patients and pregnant women

Question 22

what is a LRTI complicatiion of CMV

Answer 22

pneumonia

Question 23

what disease can bronchiectasis cause and why

Answer 23

LRTI’s as it makes lungs more vulnerable to infection - green sputum

Question 24

which bacteria cause LRTI with CF in childhood compared to adolescence

Answer 24

s. aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 25

what is the presentation of aspergillosis

Answer 25

allergic reaction of lung - seen in immunocompromised as opportunistic

Question 26

what is ABPA and its treatment

Answer 26

allergic bronchopulmoanry aspergillosis
high total IgE and specific IgG/E to aspergillus
corticosteroids and anti fungal therapy

Question 27

what is pulmonary aspergilloma and it treatment

Answer 27

mobile mass of aspergillus
cough, weight loss, clubbing and massive haemoptysis
CRX scan and CT thorax
surgical resection and antifungals

Question 28

what is PCP in lung infections - transmission, infection and treatment

Answer 28

pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia 
- opportunistic and resistant to a lot of anitfungals 
steroids and antimicrobials 
airborne route 
detect P. jiroveci DNA

Question 29

what is nocardia asteroides and treatment

Answer 29

inhalation of nocardia - genus of bacteria - rare

antibiotics

Question 30

what is the most frequent cause of infectious death

Answer 30

mycobacterium TB

Question 31

what is the transmission route of mycobacterium TB

Answer 31

inhaled droplets which lodge in alveoli

Question 32

what happens to mycobacterium TB depending on immunity

Answer 32

quiescent if good immunity or active / progressive in elderly or immunocmprimised

Question 33

what vaccine is used to prevent TB

Answer 33

bacillus calmette guerin vaccine