Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Myeloma/lymphoma > Flashcards

Myeloma/lymphoma Flashcards

1
Q

describe the process of b cell development

A

B cell - pro b cell - immature b cell
move into peripheral circulation as naive B cell - mature in lymphoid tissue
become centroblasts in lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens to b cells in lymph nodes

A

become centroblasts and have antigen presented to them and released as either memory b cells or plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does a myeloma arise

A

when a maturing plasma cell is stuck in immature state in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the role of plasmas cells

A

produce immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 5 fractions of immunoglobulins

A 
serum albumin 
a1 globins
a2 globins 
B globins
gamam globins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the highest normal immunoglobulin fraction

A

serum albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in inflammatory conditions which fractions of Immunglobulins is inrecased

A

gamma globulins and light increase in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in neoplastic malignancy which immunoglobulin fraction is rated

A

releases one protein type (paraprotein) = m spike in one fraction type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is immunofixation used for

A

determines what the spike of immunoglobulin is in malignancy during myeloma screen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the definition of myeloma

A

incurable malignant disorder caused by malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who is commonly affected by myeloma and what is it commonly preceded by

A 
average 70 years - afrocarribean 
asymptomatic MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for myeloma and what are the features

A 
IMWG criteria 
clonal bone marrow plasma cells more than 10% 
CRAB features or MDE's
C - hypercalcaemia 
R - renal insufficiency 
A - anaemia 
B - bone lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the clinical features of myeloma

A

nephropathy

bone pain, confusion, polyuria, constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what investigations can you do for myeloma

A

bloods (FBS, WBC, Blood film)
U&E
calcium
imaging (skeletal survey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is rouleaux

A

RBC stacked on top of each other

indicates high plasma conc in myeloma or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a common medical emergency of myeloma

A

AKI so avoid nephrotoxic drugs

17
Q

what is AL amyloidosis

A

rare complication of myeloma - amyloid light chain amyloidosis
deposit fibrins on organs

18
Q

what condition would you see macroglossia

A

AL amyloidosis - deposits of amyloid into tongue causing increase in size

19
Q

where would you see waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia

A

type of non-hodgkin lymphoma - myeloma - nonPCL progression

20
Q

what is the definition of lymphoma

A

malignant proliferation of lymphocytes with predominantly lymph node involvement

21
Q

what are the two major sub-types of lymphoma

A

hodgkins - presence of reed sternberg cells

non-hodgkins - non RS cells - non curable but asymptotic

22
Q

what is follicular lymphoma

A

indolent non-hoddkin lymphoma

23
Q

what is the cause and diagnosis tool for follicular lymphoma

A

increases with age
enlarged lymph nodes caused by acquired t(14:18) causing over expression of BCL2 (protooncogene)

FLIPI ( follicular international prognostic index)

24
Q

what are the clinal features of hodgkins lymphoma and management

A

itchy, breathlessness

presence of reed-sternberg cells - chemo and radiotherapy

25
Q

what are reed-sternberg cells

A

in hodgkins

fail to express surface immunoglobulin and evade apoptosis

26
Q

what are the 4 categories of leukaemia

A

acute/chronic

myeloid / lymphoid

27
Q

what is the difference between acute/chronic and myeloid/lymphoid

A

acute - rapid, dramatic presentation, life threatening

chronic - incisors, asymp, don’t always require treatment

myeloid - neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, basophils

lymphoid - lymphocytes (B/.T cell)

28
Q

what is the definition of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

CLL - malignant disorder of mature B cells in the blood and bone marrow

29
Q

what is the most common leukaemia in the UK

A

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

30
Q

what are the features, complications and diagnosis of CLL

A 
not always symps 
splenomegaly, bone marrow failure 
smudge cells present 
can mature into advanced lymphoma 
diagnosed by binet system
31
Q

what does the binet system measure

A

Hb levels, platelet levels and lymphadenopathy

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions