Haematology intro Flashcards
define haemopoiesis
physiological development that gives rise to cellular components of blood
what is the main ability of a single multipoint haemopoietic system cell
self renew
what are the 4 types of stem cell differentiation
symmetric self renewal - replication and not progeny differentiation
asymmetric self renewal - differentiate cell and stem cell = maintains stem pool
lack of self renewal - committed to differentiation and no self renewal
what are the two lineages of cell differentiation
myeloid and lymphoid
where and when does the organ of haumatopoeisis occur
aorto-gonado-mesonephros at day 27
what happens at day 40 of haematopoeisis
stem cells migrate to liver
at birth where does the site of haumatopoeisis occur
bone marrow
what happens to haematopoeisis in marrow fibrosis
extramedullary haematopoeisis
liver and spleen take over
give functions of blood cells
oxygen transport, coagulation, immune response
what is the life span and function of erythrocytes
RBC’s 120 days
contains haem for O2 transport
what is the word for low red cells vs high red cells
anaemia
polycythemia
what is relative polycythemia
reduced plasma volume but normal RBC - proportion change
what are the 4 types of leukocytes (WBC’s )
granulocytes
monocytes
platelets
lymphocytes
what are the three types of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what is the most common white cell in adults
neutrophil
what is the role, structure and associated number changes of neutrophils
phagocytes
lobed nucleus
neutrophilia - high
neutropenia - low
what conditions would you see hyper pigmented neutrophils
b12 anaemia
folic acid deficiency
what is the structure nd role of eosinophils
bilobed
parasitic and allergic response
what is the structre and role of basophils
rare - dark heavily granulated
seen in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
what is the role of monocytes and give examples
phagocytic and APC for immune response
macrophages, Kupfer cells or langerhans
what is moncytosis and what condition can cause it
increased monocytes such as TB
what do platelets derive from and what is their role
from bone marrow megakaryocytes
form part of blood clotting system - aggregate to plug holes in damaged vessels
what would increased numbers of lymphocytes be called vs decreased
lymphocytosis
lymphopenia
what are 3 types of lymphocytes
NK cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
what are the different cells of myeloid and lymphoid lineage
lymphoid = NK, B/T and plasma cell
myeloid everything else
what is the difference in immune role of NK vs B/T cell
NK - innate - large granular
T - adaptive, cell mediated immunity dependant on HLA to regulate immune response
B - adaptive, humoral immunity - make antibodies
what is then in a FBC
haemoglobin conc
RBC parameters (MCV and MCH)
white cell count
platelet count
what is a coagulation screen and the various aspects of the coagulation cascade that can be assessed
measure times for clot to form when plasma mixed with reagent
measure:
PT - prothrombin time
APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time
TT - thrombin time
describe a bone marrow aspirate and trephine test
under local anaesthetic
aspirate - cells from posterior iliac crest for malignancies
T - core biopsy - bone marrow architecture
what is anaemia numbers defined as
Hb below 130 in male or 115 in female
what are 4 types of anaemia
microcytic hypo chromic
normocytic normochromic
macrocytic
sickle cell
describe microcytic hypo chromic vs normocytic cormochromic and their causes
MH - small red cells, low Hb per cell
iron deficiency, thalassaemia, chronic disease
NN - normal cell size and Hb but low RBC number
haemolytic anaemia, acute blood loss
what are the two types of macrocytic anaemia and their causes
megaloblastic - bad development of nucleus - vit B12 or folate deficiency
non-megaloblastastic - big cells but no nuclear dysmorphia caused by alcohol or myeloiddysplasia
what is sickle cell anaemia asoscietd with
haemolytic and thrombosis
