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Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Haematology intro > Flashcards

Haematology intro Flashcards

1
Q

define haemopoiesis

A

physiological development that gives rise to cellular components of blood

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2
Q

what is the main ability of a single multipoint haemopoietic system cell

A

self renew

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of stem cell differentiation

A

symmetric self renewal - replication and not progeny differentiation

asymmetric self renewal - differentiate cell and stem cell = maintains stem pool

lack of self renewal - committed to differentiation and no self renewal

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4
Q

what are the two lineages of cell differentiation

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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5
Q

where and when does the organ of haumatopoeisis occur

A

aorto-gonado-mesonephros at day 27

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6
Q

what happens at day 40 of haematopoeisis

A

stem cells migrate to liver

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7
Q

at birth where does the site of haumatopoeisis occur

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

what happens to haematopoeisis in marrow fibrosis

A

extramedullary haematopoeisis

liver and spleen take over

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9
Q

give functions of blood cells

A

oxygen transport, coagulation, immune response

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10
Q

what is the life span and function of erythrocytes

A

RBC’s 120 days

contains haem for O2 transport

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11
Q

what is the word for low red cells vs high red cells

A

anaemia

polycythemia

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12
Q

what is relative polycythemia

A

reduced plasma volume but normal RBC - proportion change

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of leukocytes (WBC’s )

A

granulocytes
monocytes
platelets
lymphocytes

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14
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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15
Q

what is the most common white cell in adults

A

neutrophil

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16
Q

what is the role, structure and associated number changes of neutrophils

A

phagocytes
lobed nucleus
neutrophilia - high
neutropenia - low

17
Q

what conditions would you see hyper pigmented neutrophils

A

b12 anaemia

folic acid deficiency

18
Q

what is the structure nd role of eosinophils

A

bilobed

parasitic and allergic response

19
Q

what is the structre and role of basophils

A

rare - dark heavily granulated

seen in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

20
Q

what is the role of monocytes and give examples

A

phagocytic and APC for immune response

macrophages, Kupfer cells or langerhans

21
Q

what is moncytosis and what condition can cause it

A

increased monocytes such as TB

22
Q

what do platelets derive from and what is their role

A

from bone marrow megakaryocytes

form part of blood clotting system - aggregate to plug holes in damaged vessels

23
Q

what would increased numbers of lymphocytes be called vs decreased

A

lymphocytosis

lymphopenia

24
Q

what are 3 types of lymphocytes

A

NK cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

25
Q

what are the different cells of myeloid and lymphoid lineage

A

lymphoid = NK, B/T and plasma cell

myeloid everything else

26
Q

what is the difference in immune role of NK vs B/T cell

A

NK - innate - large granular

T - adaptive, cell mediated immunity dependant on HLA to regulate immune response

B - adaptive, humoral immunity - make antibodies

27
Q

what is then in a FBC

A

haemoglobin conc
RBC parameters (MCV and MCH)
white cell count
platelet count

28
Q

what is a coagulation screen and the various aspects of the coagulation cascade that can be assessed

A

measure times for clot to form when plasma mixed with reagent
measure:
PT - prothrombin time
APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time
TT - thrombin time

29
Q

describe a bone marrow aspirate and trephine test

A

under local anaesthetic
aspirate - cells from posterior iliac crest for malignancies
T - core biopsy - bone marrow architecture

30
Q

what is anaemia numbers defined as

A

Hb below 130 in male or 115 in female

31
Q

what are 4 types of anaemia

A

microcytic hypo chromic
normocytic normochromic
macrocytic
sickle cell

32
Q

describe microcytic hypo chromic vs normocytic cormochromic and their causes

A

MH - small red cells, low Hb per cell
iron deficiency, thalassaemia, chronic disease

NN - normal cell size and Hb but low RBC number
haemolytic anaemia, acute blood loss

33
Q

what are the two types of macrocytic anaemia and their causes

A

megaloblastic - bad development of nucleus - vit B12 or folate deficiency

non-megaloblastastic - big cells but no nuclear dysmorphia caused by alcohol or myeloiddysplasia

34
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia asoscietd with

A

haemolytic and thrombosis

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

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