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Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classification of bacterial pathogens

A

gram stain and shape

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2
Q

what type of bacteria aren’t classified normally

A

ones that don’t have a cell wall

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3
Q

what are the 6 classifications of bacterial pathogens

A 
gram + cocci 
gram + bacilli 
gram - cocci 
gram - bacilli 
gram - coccobacilli 
spiral bacteria
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4
Q

what are the normal staining chemicals and what is the difference in staining for a thick cell wall and a thin cell wall

A

iodine and crystal violet
thick cell wall = gram positive and holds the stain
thin cell wall is gram negative and cannot hold the stain

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5
Q

what is the triad of factors for bacterial infection

A

host factors - devices/immune system

opportunity - exposure/normal flora

bacterial factors - virulence/resistance/environmental factors

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6
Q

how does E/coli cause UTI’s

especially in females

A

normal bowel flora colonises in the urethral meatus and surrounding area such as lower GIT/bowel
in females - short urethra making easier infection - risk of developing resistance to antibiotics

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7
Q

where is S. areas commonly found and what can it cause

A

in the nasal cavity of up to 50% of people - can infect damaged skin to provide host response

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8
Q

what are the two classes of gram + cocci

A

streptococcus

staphylococcus

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9
Q

describe the type of infection of staphylococcus aureus and what is can lead to

A

Primary - can infect anyone, 30-50% present in nose of people
most common cause of skin/soft tissue infection including at surgical sites
can cause - bacteriamia/septicaemia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, pneumonia, UTI and meningitis

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10
Q

describe the type of infection of staphylococcus epidermis and what is can lead to

A

opportunistic - targets immunosuppressed (most people carry on skin)
member of the coagulase negative staphylococci
causes infection in association with foreign bodies such as intravascular catheters, prosthetic joints as it adheres to metals and plastics using glycocalyx forming biofilms - hard to remove

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11
Q

describe the type of infection of streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A Strep - most common cause of bacterial sore throat
can cause: - scarlett fever - strawberry tongue
necrotising fasciitis - common post delivery, pneumonia, puerperal sepsis
associated with secondary immunological presentations such as glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

what is the difference between strepto and staphy

A

staphy - bunch

strepto - chain

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13
Q

what does streptococcus pneumonia casue

A

most common cause of bacterial pneumonia and bacterial meningitis (except in neonates)

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14
Q

what is streptococcus agalactiae

A

group B strep

most common cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis in neonates (babies aged under 3 months)

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15
Q

what is streptococcus milleri complex

A

three closely related species of pus-forming streptococci

associated with abscesses - dental, lung, liver, brain

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16
Q

what is viridian’s streptococci

A

collective name for species of a-haemolytic streptococci, inhabit upper respiratory tract (back of throat) eg S. oralis, S. mitis.
classic cause of sub-acute bacterial endocarditis - usually through tooth brushing (causes vegetation in the gums)

17
Q

what is streptococcus gallolyticus

A

used to be SC bovis
type of a haemolytic streptococcus that forms part of the bowel flora
can cause bacteremia associated with colonic malignancies

18
Q

what are the 3 types of gram positive bacilli

A

listeria monocytogenes
corynebacterium species
propionibacterium

19
Q

what are listeria monocytogenes

A

rare but significant cause of sepsis and meningitis in pregnancy, neonates and immunsuppresed patient
disease which fester in animals (zoonosis) associated with consuming cheese made from unpasteurised milk and other foods

20
Q

what are corynebacterium species

give an example

A

commensals of the skin and upper respiratory tract
opportunistic associated with devices and trauma

corynebacterium diphtheria, cause of diphtheria - contagious and fatal, can be immunised, insects nose and throat

21
Q

what are propionibacterium acens

A

gram positive bacillus

associated with acne and can cause device/post procedural infections

22
Q

what are the two types of gram negative cocci

A

neisseria meningitis

neisseria gonorrhoea

23
Q

what is N. Meningitis

A

gram negative diplococcus
causes meningococcal sepsis and/or meningitis
classic presentation - purpuric non-blanching rash - purple discoloured rash which doesn’t disappear when you press it
(vaccinated)

24
Q

what is N. gonorrhoea

A

gram negative diplococcus - cause of gonorrhoea
can cause opthahalmia neoatorum - mother has any time of birth and baby born with conjunctivitis
can cause invasive infections such as septic arthritis

25
Q

what are the two types of gram negative bacilli

A

enterobactyeriacae (colifroms)

pseudomonos aeruginosa

26
Q

what are coliforms

A

found in bowel flora - gram negative bacilli

eg E. coli - common cause of UTI, bacteraemia, nosocomial infections (hospital infections)

27
Q

what type of coliform strain can cause severe diahorrea and haemolytic uraemia syndrome (HUS)

A

toxigenic colifroms eg O157

28
Q

what is pseudomonos aeruginosa

A

multi resistant gram negative bacilli, opportunistic

can cause respiratory infections, UTI, soft tissue infections in vulnerable patients - often produces green pigment

29
Q

what are the two types of gram negative coccobacilli

A

haemophilius influenza

anaerobes

30
Q

what is H. influenza

A

gram negative bascilus
part of normal respiratory flora
causes respiratory tract infections including pneumonia and COPD

31
Q

what do capsulated types of H influenza cause - how can they be prevented

A

type b
meningitis and epiglottitis
only type b infections prevented by HIb vaccine

32
Q

what are anaerobes and give examples

A 
grow in the absence of oxygen 
clostridium species 
C. difficile - antibiotic diarrhoea/colitis 
c. perfringens - gas gangrene 
c. tetani - tetanus 
c. botulinum - botulism
33
Q

what is are the mycobacterium species referred as and give examples

A

acid fast bacilli ( AFBs) - luminous and don’t stain using conventional methods - don’t have bacterial wall
eg mycobacterium TB - night sweats, weight loss fatigue
can cause respiratory infections

34
Q

what types of bacteria are chlamydia and M. pneumonia

A

mycobacterium as don’t have conventional cell wall

35
Q

what are spirochetes

give examples

A

less conventional and do not easily gram stain
treponema pallidum - syphilis
can cause leptospirosis and lyme disease

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

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