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Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

what do antivirals consist of

A

nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
protein coat
sometimes lipid envelope

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2
Q

what specifically is a virus

A

an obligate intracellular parasite

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3
Q

what is an acute virus and give examples

A

rna viruses

influenza , measles, mumps, hep A

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4
Q

what are chronic viruses and give examples

A

DNA viruses
latent - herpes simplex and CMV
persistent - HIV, HTLV, Hep b and C

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5
Q

what are the 5 types of virus syndrome

A 
rashes - non vesicular and vesicular 
respiratory infections 
gastroenteritis 
encephalitis/meningitis 
blood borne viruses
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6
Q

give examples of non-vesicular vs vesicular rashes in diseases

A

non = pink, raised, blotchy - measles rubella parvovirus adenovirus

vesicular - progress to fluid filled spot, chicken pox, herpes simplex, enterovirus

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7
Q 
give two examples of 
respiratory infection 
gastroenteritis 
encephalitis/meningitis 
blood borne viruses
A

influenza A/B, Rhinovrius, COVID

Rotavirus, Norovirus

HSV, enterovirus, rabies

hepatitis, retrovirus

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8
Q

why aren’t all viruses treated

A

most are self-limiting
acute infections non treated
chronic infections are treated
immuncomprimised people are treated

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9
Q

what is used in the treatment of Herpes simplex Virus

A

aciclovir

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10
Q

what is used in the treatment of chickenpox and shingles (VZV)

A

aciclovir (only adults as children don’t need)

only can treat shingles if over 60 y/o

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11
Q

what is the treatment of influenza

A 
neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir - oral, zanamivir - inhaled) 
only treat high risk patients such as immunocomp, elderly, obese and children under 6 months
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12
Q

what is the problem with treating chronic viral infections

A

antiviral toxicity

challenge to maintain adherence - increased risk of resistance

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13
Q

which type of chronic viral infection can be cured

A

Hep C

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14
Q

how do viruses replicate

A 
attach to cell receptor 
cell entry 
virus uncoats 
early proteins produced, viral enzymes 
replication
late transcription/translation
assembly 
release
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15
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of target antivirals

A

DNA to DNA - DNA viruses (eukaryotes)
DNA to RNA - DNA viruses (eukaryotes)
RNA to RNA - RNA viruses (polymerase)
RNA to DNA - retroviruses (Hep B, reverse trascnrtipatse enzymes)

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16
Q

what is an example of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and what do they do

A

NRTI’s - inhibit reverse trasncriptase - AZT (azidothymidine) anti cancer drug but used to stop HIV replication - not used anymore due to mitochondrial toxicity

17
Q

analogues inhibit reverse transcriptase - what is a pyrimidine / purine analogues

A

pyrimidine
thymidine analogue - zidovudine
cytosine - lamivudine

purine
A and G - abacavir and tenovovir

18
Q

what is the treatment of Hep B

A

lamivudine (unless M184V mutation which resists this)

or tenofovir

19
Q

give examples of herpesvirus polymerase inhibitors

A

aciclovir (chain terminator)

ganciclovir (brand spectrum - CMV, HHV6, HSV)

20
Q

what is the treatment of hep C

A

RNA polymerase nucleotide inhibitors such as sofosbuvir
combination therapy 8-12 weeks
95% curable

21
Q

give examples of non-nucleotide transcription inhibitors (NNRTI’s)

A

efavirenz

nevirapine

22
Q

why are protease inhibitors used to treat viruses

A

viruses make poly proteins which are broken down by proteases to carry out viral actions so the protease is inhibited to stop this

23
Q

what protease inhibitors are used for these diseases

HIV and Hep C

A

HIV - atazanavir, darunavir

Hep C - paritaprevir, grazoprevir

24
Q

give two entry inhibitors of viruses

A

enfuviritide - fusion inhibitor

maraviroc - chemokine receptor antagonist

25
Q

give two examples of integrate inhibitors

A

raltegravir, dolutegravir

26
Q

what is HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

27
Q

describe the HIV genome and competitive mutations

A

9000 nucleotides
every genome has at least one mutation
some mutations are advantageous such as M184V - resistance to lamivudine

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

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