Benign Resp Path Flashcards
what is the definition of asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder of airways - paroxysmal bronchospasm causing wheeze and cough - partially reversible
what is the pathogenesis of asthma
mucosal inflammation and oedema, hypertrophic mucous glands and mucus plugs in bronchi - hyperinflated lungs
what are the different types of asthma
atopic (extrinsic) non-atopic (intrinsic) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
describe an atopic asthma attack
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
dust and pollen or animal products
exacerbated by cold, exercise, infection
bronchiolar smooth wall hypertrophy and mucous gland hyperplasia
what is the most common occupational lung disease
asthma
what are the two distinct pathological entities of COPD
chronic bronchitis (cough with sputum for 3 months in 2 years) emphysema - caused by chronic bronchitis, large alveolar spaces
what is the pathogenesis of COPD
bronchitis - cell damage - inflammation, scar and mucous infection - wall thickening
emphysema - increased elastase - alveolar wall loss - deceased gas exchange
what are the three classes of emphysema
centrilobular (centiacinar) - most associated with smoking and coal dust
pan lobular (panacinar) - severest lower lobe bases
paraseptal (distal acing) - can rupture and lead to pneumothorax
what are the clinical features of COPD
dyspnoea cough sputum infection right heart signs - increased work load - pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertension
define bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue
what is the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis
bronchiole damage due to infection or autoimmune condition which lead to inflammation and scarring
what is a major complication of bronchiectasis
abscess formation
which syndromes and diseases are associated with bronchiectasis
CF, primary colliery dyskinesia, kartagener syndrome, RA
what are the clinical features of bronciectaiss
cough, fever, foul smelling sputum, abscesses
pneumonia, septicaemia
what is the definition of ILD (interstitial lung disease)
group and diffuse and chronic conditions of pulmonary connective tissue such as alveolar walls or bronchioles
what is the pathogenesis of ILD
idiopathic trigger causes inflammation and fibrosis in bronchioles and or alveolar walls = thickening and deceased lung compliance and reduced gas diffusion
what are the two types of clinical features of ILD
acute - damage to lung parenchyma (type 1 pneumocytes) causing ARDS - repsiarory alkalosis
chronic - clubbing, fine crackles, dry cough, honey comb lung
what is another name for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
cryptogenic fibbing alveolitis
what is the pathogenesis of idiopathic lung fibrosis
interstitial chronic inflammation - fibrous tissue with normal alveolar walls - cobblestone pleural surface
what is the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis
red, swollen, granulomas in lymph nodes of the lung usually hilariously nodes - can infect other organs
what are the key clinical features of sarcoidosis
hypercalcaemia and elevated serum ACE
what is pneumoconiosis
dust diseases which is occupational - inflation of fibrogenis mineral dust sin the workplace or vapours
what is coal worker pneumoconiosis
black lung disease
inhalation of coal dust - biros and necrosis - restrictive disease
simple - macular or nodular lesion
complication - progressive massive fibrosis
what is silicosis and the key clinical features
inhalation of silicotic noduli which leads to granulomatous chronic inflammation
possible reactivation of TB
increased risk of lung carcinoma
mixed dust pneumoconiosis
what is hypersensitivity pneumonitis and what is the pathogenesis
extrinsic alergic alveolitis - framer slung, pigeon fanciers lung
inhaled allergy - hypersensitivity 3 - peribroncioalr inflammation - interstitial fibrosis
what is the definition of cystic fibrosis
inherited multiorgan disorder or epithelial cells affecting fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining of repository, GI and reproductive organs
what is the causes and pathoegeniss of CF
AR inheritence, CFTR mutation chromosome 7
lack of chloride ion transport out of cells so w water can’t follow and bronchioles or tubes become sticky and blocked - recurrent infection
severe respiratory diseases and hyperplasia of secreting glands
what are the key clinical features of CF
pancreatic problems, atrophy and fibrosis
impaired fat absorption and meconium ileum
cirrhosis
salivary problems
infertility in males
