Pathogen infection antibiotic matching

Question 1

what does the catalase test for

Answer 1

whether its staph - groups/bunch

or stept - chain

Question 2

what is the difference between gram negative and positive

Answer 2

positive = thick cell wall 
neg = thin cell wall ad outer cell mrmabrane

Question 3

what do gram negitavie bacilli usually target

Answer 3

GIT

Question 4

what is targeted in a cell wall of bacterium

Answer 4

peptidoglycan

Question 5

what are the 4 targets of antibiotics

Answer 5

cell wall
translation
bacterial RNA polymerase
DNA replication

Question 6

what antibiotics target the cell wall

Answer 6

penecillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, glycopeptides

Question 7

what type of antibiotics affects translation

Answer 7

use different ribosomes to eukaryotes - tetracycline, macrolides, chloramphenicol (eye drops)

Question 8

what is used to target bacterial RNA polymerase

Answer 8

rifamycin inhibits

Question 9

what are beta lactase and who has them

Answer 9

penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem (they have beta lactam ring)

Question 10

give examples of mechanisms of drug resistance by these mechanisms
drug inactivation or modicfaction
alteration of target or binding site
alteration metabolic pathway
reduced drug action
alteration in outer memerbane permeability

Answer 10

inactivation - s. aureus - penicillinase, e coli - carbapenemase

alt taget - s. aureus alteration of penecillin binding protein

alt metabolite - sulfa resistant bugs use folic acid

red d action - efflux pump - pump drug out cell

perm alter - porin loss

Question 11

why is amoxicillin given wit coclavulanic acid to form co-amoxiclav (augmentin)

Answer 11

bacteria produce B lactamase to inhibit amoxicillin

the acid inhibits lactamase

Question 12

what is an ESBL

Answer 12

extended spectrum B lactamase - organisms that are not easily treatable

Question 13

what are the least to most brand spectrum B lactam antibiotic

Answer 13

penecillin (amoxicillin) least

cephalosporins (cefuroxime) middle

carbapenems (meropenem) broad spectrum

Question 14

what is flucloxacillin used for and what type of organisms is resistant to it

Answer 14

mainly staph. aureus infections

MRSA has a mutation which makes in resistant to flucoxacillan and can’t use beta lactams to treat MRSA

Question 15

what can be used to treat MRSA

Answer 15

vancomycin

Question 16

what is pneumonia commonly caused by and what are the treatment options

Answer 16

streptococcus pneumonia
if high risk dying - co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin
if low risk just amoxicillin

Question 17

what is the CURB65 score

Answer 17

pneumonia symptoms on how well patient is 
C = confusion 
U = urea <7 
R = resp rate >30
B = BP <90/60 
65 - aged over 65

Question 18

what is C difficile and how is it treated

Answer 18

gram positive bacilli - produces toxins which leads to colitis
when broad spectrum antibiotics used it kills gut flora which is how it colonises

used metronidazole

Question 19

what would you use to treat and upper vs lower UTI - what are they most commonly caused by

Answer 19

upper - IV cefuroxime

lower - nitrofurantoin

e coli and other gram negative bacteria

Question 20

what causes meningitis in kids vs adults

Answer 20

kids - neisseria meningitides

adults - streptococcus pneumonia

Question 21

how do you treat meningitis

Answer 21

IV ceftriaxone

Question 22

why is meningitis so dangerous

Answer 22

CNS infection - meningococcal septicemia

acculate toxins which have power inflammatory reposes - non-blanching rash, tachy, low BP

Question 23

to have sepsis what must you have first

Answer 23

SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome (o Temp >38, Heart rate >90, Resp rate >20, WBC >12)

AND

suspected focus on infection

Question 24

what is the management of sepsis

Answer 24

B = blood cultures – 2 sets
U = urine output – catheterise to measure usually bad urine output
F = fluids – 500ml IV saline over 15 mins. Aim 30ml/kg in 1hr to resuscitate BP
A = antibiotics – as per suspected infection
L = lactate – ABGs for lactate and pH which shows underperfusion of patient
O = oxygen – 15 l/m via reservoir face mask

Question 25

what is cellulitis and what is the treatment

Answer 25

skin and soft tissue infection - caused by gram positive cocci - treated with flucoxacillin

Question 26

what is necrotising fasciculitis and what is it treated by

Answer 26

Severe cellulitis (SSTI) usually by strep pyogenes - treat by meropenem or clindamycin

Question 27

what is infective endocarditis, and what is major complication

Answer 27

infection of heart valves - strep viridian’s and staph aureus

complication brain abscess -

Question 28

which antibiotics should be avoided in pregnancy

Answer 28

quinolones
trimethoprim
tetracyclines