Pathogen infection antibiotic matching Flashcards
what does the catalase test for
whether its staph - groups/bunch
or stept - chain
what is the difference between gram negative and positive
positive = thick cell wall neg = thin cell wall ad outer cell mrmabrane
what do gram negitavie bacilli usually target
GIT
what is targeted in a cell wall of bacterium
peptidoglycan
what are the 4 targets of antibiotics
cell wall
translation
bacterial RNA polymerase
DNA replication
what antibiotics target the cell wall
penecillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, glycopeptides
what type of antibiotics affects translation
use different ribosomes to eukaryotes - tetracycline, macrolides, chloramphenicol (eye drops)
what is used to target bacterial RNA polymerase
rifamycin inhibits
what are beta lactase and who has them
penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem (they have beta lactam ring)
give examples of mechanisms of drug resistance by these mechanisms
drug inactivation or modicfaction
alteration of target or binding site
alteration metabolic pathway
reduced drug action
alteration in outer memerbane permeability
inactivation - s. aureus - penicillinase, e coli - carbapenemase
alt taget - s. aureus alteration of penecillin binding protein
alt metabolite - sulfa resistant bugs use folic acid
red d action - efflux pump - pump drug out cell
perm alter - porin loss
why is amoxicillin given wit coclavulanic acid to form co-amoxiclav (augmentin)
bacteria produce B lactamase to inhibit amoxicillin
the acid inhibits lactamase
what is an ESBL
extended spectrum B lactamase - organisms that are not easily treatable
what are the least to most brand spectrum B lactam antibiotic
penecillin (amoxicillin) least
cephalosporins (cefuroxime) middle
carbapenems (meropenem) broad spectrum
what is flucloxacillin used for and what type of organisms is resistant to it
mainly staph. aureus infections
MRSA has a mutation which makes in resistant to flucoxacillan and can’t use beta lactams to treat MRSA
what can be used to treat MRSA
vancomycin
what is pneumonia commonly caused by and what are the treatment options
streptococcus pneumonia
if high risk dying - co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin
if low risk just amoxicillin
what is the CURB65 score
pneumonia symptoms on how well patient is C = confusion U = urea <7 R = resp rate >30 B = BP <90/60 65 - aged over 65
what is C difficile and how is it treated
gram positive bacilli - produces toxins which leads to colitis
when broad spectrum antibiotics used it kills gut flora which is how it colonises
used metronidazole
what would you use to treat and upper vs lower UTI - what are they most commonly caused by
upper - IV cefuroxime
lower - nitrofurantoin
e coli and other gram negative bacteria
what causes meningitis in kids vs adults
kids - neisseria meningitides
adults - streptococcus pneumonia
how do you treat meningitis
IV ceftriaxone
why is meningitis so dangerous
CNS infection - meningococcal septicemia
acculate toxins which have power inflammatory reposes - non-blanching rash, tachy, low BP
to have sepsis what must you have first
SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome (o Temp >38, Heart rate >90, Resp rate >20, WBC >12)
AND
suspected focus on infection
what is the management of sepsis
B = blood cultures – 2 sets U = urine output – catheterise to measure usually bad urine output F = fluids – 500ml IV saline over 15 mins. Aim 30ml/kg in 1hr to resuscitate BP A = antibiotics – as per suspected infection L = lactate – ABGs for lactate and pH which shows underperfusion of patient O = oxygen – 15 l/m via reservoir face mask
what is cellulitis and what is the treatment
skin and soft tissue infection - caused by gram positive cocci - treated with flucoxacillin
what is necrotising fasciculitis and what is it treated by
Severe cellulitis (SSTI) usually by strep pyogenes - treat by meropenem or clindamycin
what is infective endocarditis, and what is major complication
infection of heart valves - strep viridian’s and staph aureus
complication brain abscess -
which antibiotics should be avoided in pregnancy
quinolones
trimethoprim
tetracyclines
