Cardio Path3 Flashcards
what is the definition of peripheral vascular disease
narrowing of blood vessels (usually arteries) - restricts blood flow mostly in the legs
what are the main causes of peripheral vascular disease and what is a protective substance
agents that damage endothelium - oxidative stress
oestrogen is protective
what is the pathogenesis and clinical features of peripheral vascular disease
chronic or acute - gradual atherosclerosis - narrow artery - ischameia - cell damage and death
acute ischaemia - 6 p’s - pale, pulselessness, painful, paralysed, perishing cold, paraesthic
chronic leads to vascular necrosis
what is another way to say vasculitis and what is the definition
giant cell arteritis
chronic granulomatous inflammation of large to small sized arteries, mainly in head (temporal arteritis)
what deficiency can vasculitis lead to
blindness
what are end stage problems caused by for vasculitis
type 4 hypersensitivity
what is the pathogenesis of vasculitis
chronic granulomatous inflammation - narrow artery - ischameia - cell damage
which main arteries are at risk in vasculitis
temporal, vertebral and opt;amic arteries
what are the key clinical features of vasculitis
flu like symps - fatigue, weight loss, fever
pain at acute locations
blurred vision
stroke
what is the definition of infective endocarditis
infection and inflammation of the endocardium - lining of the heart and mainly valves
what are the causes of infective endocarditis
any route of bacteria into the blood stream - wounds, cancer, prosthetics
strep - viridians/bovis/gallolyticus
staph - aureus/epidermic
candida and aspergillius
what is the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis
heart failure due to valve regurgitation
fibrin deposition - circulating bacteria colonise fibrin
what are the key clinal features of infective endocarditis
fever
weight loss
murmurs left sided
immune conditions from infection
which heart disease would you see splinter/subungual haemorrhages and jane way lesions, oilers nodes and roth spots
infective endocarditis
what acronym is used for the symptoms of infective endocarditis
from jane fever roth - retinal haemorrhage oslers - nodules in digits murmus Janeway - lesions on palms anaemia nail haemorrhage emboli
what is the definition and the types of pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardial sac
acute - serofibrinous
chronic - constrictive
what are the causes of pericarditis
infections - eg coxsackie B (virus)
autoimmune
truma/radiation/surgery
what is the difference between serous and serofibrinous acute pericarditis
serous - inflammation - clear fluid accumulation - non-infection cause such as autoimmune
fib - most common, serous fluid and fibrinous exudate
what are the key clinical features of pericarditis
sharp central chest pain
pericardial friction rub (sound)
fever
cardiac tamponade
what is definition of rheumatic fever
acute - immunological mediated - multi system inflammation following group A strep. pharyngitis
eg pyogenes
what is the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever
hypersensitivity reactions (type 4) t cell mediated make antibodies against M protein on strep pyogenes which is sam eon heart skin and joints and cns
what are the key clinical features of rheumatic fever
heart - pancarditis/endocarditis skin - nodules arthritic joints CNS chorea fever
which disease would you find sydenhams chorea
rheumatic fever
what is the definition of cardiomyopathies and give types
heart muscle disease and strictly speaking it is of uncertain cause 4 types dilated hypertrophic restrictive arrhythmogenic
what is the cause of cardiomyopathies
unknown but maybe genetic
what is the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies
heart failure
emboli
arrhythmias
what are the key clinical features of the 4 cardiomyopathies
dilated cardiomyopathy - progressive dilation leading to thin wall ventricular chambers
heart enlarged, heavy and flabby
hypertrophic - impaired ventricular filling - relative ischaemia, chest pain, HF
restrictive - idiopathic or secondary to fibrosis, impaired ventricular filling - HF etc
arrythmogenic - young males and athletes - genetic. right ventricle myocyte adhesion impaired due to mutation in desmosome proteins - fibrofatty tissue forms - interferes with conduction
what is the definition of myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium
what is the pathogenesis of myocarditis
inflammation of myocardium - electrical dysfunction = arrhythmia or mechanical dysfunction - HF
