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Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a parasite

A

an organism which lives in another ie host and bandits by deriving nutrients at the other expense

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2
Q 
define these terms 
host 
symbiosis 
mutualism 
parasitism 
commensalism
A

an organism which harbours a parasite

living together, long term interaction between two different species

both species benefit from the interaction

parasite derives benefit from host but always suffers injury as a result

parasite deriving benefit without causing injury to host

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3
Q

what are the 3 classes of host

A

definitive host - either harbours in adult stage or utilises sexual method of reproduction

intermediate host - harbours lavae or asexual stage of parasite

paratenic - parasite remains viable without further development

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4
Q

what are the two types of parasite

A

(micro) protozoa: flagellates, amoeboids, sporozoans, trypanosomes
(macro) helminths: platyhelminths (flatworms), nematodes (round worms)

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5
Q

what are two types of helminth flat worms and round worms

A

flatworm - cestodes (tape worms), trematodes (flukes)

round worms - intestinal nematodes, tissue nematodes

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6
Q

what are the steps to approaching a parasite

A

distribution - where to find them (ie holidays etc)

life cycles (how they survive and breed)

clinical manifestations (affect open host)

diagnosis (how we identify them)

treatment (get rid)

control (prevent others getting infected)

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7
Q

what are the 4 lifecycles in parasitology

A

direct - only one host
indirect - more than one host
simple - one intermediate host
complex - two or more intermediate hosts

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8
Q

what is Ascariasis, what is the prevalence and likelihood of affliction, what is the life cycle

A

intestinal nematode (roundworm), affects 1/7 population, mainly in 3-8 y/o in poor areas of hygiene

acquired by ingestion of eggs - direct life cycle - ingest then get into lungs

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9
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of ascariasis

A

eosinophilia
(lung migration) Loefflers syndrome - dry cough, dyspnoea, wheeze
(intestinal migration) - mild symptoms

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10
Q

what is the treatment of ascariasis

A

albendazole - prevents glucose absorption by worm so starves

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11
Q

what is schistomiasis what causes it and what is the life cycle

A

bilharzia disease
mainy in africa - 200mil
flukes disease
chronic - can cause bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis
snails intermediate host - simple indirect cycle - penetrate skin and lay worms

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12
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis (bilharzia disease)

A

swimmers itch, katayama fever
can be chronic due to eggs lain in spine and lungs
urinary - haematuria, bladder fibrosis and dysfunction
hepatic/intestinal - portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, abdominal pain

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13
Q

what is the diagnosis of schistosomiasis

A

urinary - terminal stream microscopy, serology (doesn’t show if parasite active)
hepatic/intestinal - stool microscopy, rectal snip

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14
Q

what is the treatment of schistosomiasis

A

praziquantel
40-60mg/kg
chemical treatment to kill snails - chemoprophylaxis

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15
Q

what is hydatid disease

A

found where sheep are farmed all over world - humans are intermediate host as main is sheep and dogs

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16
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of hydatid disease

A

cysts on mainly liver, and lungs

may be asymptomatic but cysts can rupture = death

17
Q

what is the diagnosis and control of hydatid

A

imaging and serology

regularly worm dogs to reduce eggs

18
Q

what causes malaria and what is epidemiology

A

micro-parasite
4 species of plasmodium -eg falciparum, viva, ovale, malariae
300-500 mil every year

19
Q

what i the life cycle of malaria infection

A

simple indirect

transmitted by anopheles mosquito as a vector

20
Q

how does malaria kill RBC

A

mosquito injects sporozoites into RBC where is grows and kills them releasing daughter cell merozites

21
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of malaria

A

inflammatory response
fever/rigors
confusion, headache
renal failure, pulmonary oedema, anaemia

22
Q

if a returning travelling from a mosquito thriving country comes back with a fever what is the diagnosis

A

malaria until proven otherwise

23
Q

what is the diagnosis for malaria

A

thick and thin microscopy, serology and detection of antigen, malarial DNA

24
Q

what is the treatment or malaria

A

antimalarials:
non-falciparum = chloroquine and primaquine
falciparum - quinine and doxycycline, coartem, atovaquone

supportive therapy - management of seizures, pul oedema, acute renal failure
exchange of transfusion

25
Q

what are the control measures for malaria

A

insecticide in homes, larvicidal spraying on breeding pools

chemoprophylaxis

26
Q

what is crytosporidosis

A

caused by cryptosporidium parvum and hominis - microparasite
causes diarrhoea

27
Q

what is the life cycle of cryptosporidosis

A

human excrete oocytes into environment - direct

28
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of cryptospordosis

A

watery diarrhoea with mucus (no blood)
bloating, cramps, nausea
lasts up to 2 weeks

29
Q

who are most at risk to cryptosporidosis

A

very young, old, immunocompromised
human-human spread disease, swimming pools, child care workers nursing homes
animal - human = hikers, farmers etc

30
Q

what is the diagnosis of cryptosporodosis

A

acid fast staining and antigen detection by EIA

31
Q

what is the treatment and control of cryptosporodosis

A

rehydration - nitazoxanide
immunocompromised - paromomycin to kill parasite and octreotide for cramps
HIV = HAART

control = isolation, hand hygiene, drinking hot water
animal - human - pasteurise milk and boil drinking water

32
Q

What is trichomoniasis

A

trichomonas vaginalis - sexually transmitted

incubate 5-28 days

33
Q

what are the symptoms and life cycle of trichomoniasis

A

men - asymptomatic - women smelly vagina, discharge, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, strawberry cervix

direct - sexually transmitted

34
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis

A

identification of organism in genital specimens

metronidazole - single or divided dose

35
Q

what is giardiasis

A

flagellated protozon, faecal oral transmission

spectrum disease ie can be asym or severe diarrhoea

36
Q

what are the symptoms of giardiasis

A

1-3 weeks, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloating nausea

37
Q

what is the life cycle of giardiasis

A

infected adult passes cysts in faeces which contaminate water and food and ingested by another human

38
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment of giardiasis

A

identification of cysts or trophozoites in faeces

metronidazole/tinidazole

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

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