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Continuing Studies > PT: Port > Flashcards

PT: Port Flashcards

1
Q

The Douro features what type of climate?

A

Continental

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2
Q

Which of the Douro’s subzones is the most densely planted?

A

Cima Corgo

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3
Q

Which of the Douro’s subzones has the most plantings by hectares?

A

Cima Corgo

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4
Q

Which of the Douro’s subzones is the most sparsely planted?

A

Douro Superior

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5
Q

What styles of fortified wine can be released as Douro DOP?

A

Licoroso - Moscatel do Douro

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6
Q

What is the preferred soil type for Port?

A

Schist
(Xisto)

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7
Q

Where was Port required to be aged and shipped from historically? What year did this regulation end?

A

Vila Nova de Gaia
1986

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8
Q

What is the minimum required residual sugar level for all styles of Port?

A

17.5 g/l

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9
Q

Vintage Port aging/bottling requirements

A

EARLIEST SALE: May 1 of the 2nd year after harvest

BOTTLED BY: July 30 of year 3 after harvest

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10
Q

What is the aging requirement for LBV Port?

A

MIN 4 years in cask

BOTTLED BY December 31 of 6th year after harvest

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11
Q

What term designates that an LBV Port has been aged in bottle for an additional 3 years?

A

Envelhicido em garrafa
(“bottle matured”)

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12
Q

Colheita Port - type, aging, labelling requirements?

A

Single vintage tawny
*Ages in cask at least 7 years
*Must show vintage and bottling year
*will not improve with age
(cole-YATE-a)

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13
Q

What is the aging requirement for a bottle of Port labelled “Garrafeira”?

A

4 - 8 years in cask followed by a minimum of 15 years in glass container

(translates to “private wine cellar”)

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14
Q

How long must a Garrafeira Port age in glass?

A

Min. 15 years

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15
Q

A Port labelled “VVO” will be at least how many years old?

A

80

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16
Q

What styles of Port can be “reserve” and what does it mean?

A

It doesn’t carry any minimum aging requirement for Ruby - it just implies that it is of higher quality.
For Tawny or White styles - it indicates that the wine was cask aged for at least 6 years

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17
Q

What is the ABV range for all styles of Port?

A

19-22% (except Porto Branco Leve Seco, which has a min. 16.5%)

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18
Q

What 3 vintages were declared by the IVDP between 2010 and 2020?

A

2011
2016
2017

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19
Q

What 3 vintages were declared by the IVDP between 2000 and 2010?

A

2000
2003
2007

(11, 16, 17)

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20
Q

What vintages were declared by the IVDP between 1990 and 2000? (4)

A

1991
1992
1994
1997

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21
Q

What 3 vintages were declared by the IVDP between 1980 and 1990? (6)

A

1980
1982
1983
1985
1987
1989
**most IVDP declared vintages of any recent decade

2 evens, 4 odds

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22
Q

What vintages were declared by the IVDP in the 1970’s?

A

1970
1975
1977
1978

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23
Q

Quinta do Bomfim is owned by _______?

A

Dow’s

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24
Q

Dow’s is owned by ________?

A

Symington

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25
Q

Ferreira is owned by ________?

A

Sogrape

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26
Q

Fonseca is owned by ________?

A

Fladgate’s

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27
Q

Symington owns what Port brands?

A

Graham’s
Dow’s
Quinta do Vesuvio
Warre’s
Cockburns
Quinta do Ataide

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28
Q

Quinta dos Malvedos

A

Graham’s
*owned since 1890
*SQVP

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29
Q

Quinta do São Luiz

A

Kopke
(do not make SQVP; use the name for Douro DOP wines tho)

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30
Q

What years were Vesuvio A Capela produced?

A

2007, 2011, 2016, 2017

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31
Q

Quinta da Vesuvio is located in which of the Douro’s subzones?

A

Douro Superior

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32
Q

What was the first Single Quinta Vintage Port on the market?

A

Taylor Fladgate’s Quinta de Vargellas - 1958

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33
Q

Lei dei Terco

A

“Law of the Third”
a decree restricting Port sales to 1/3rd of a house’s total inventory

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34
Q

6 functions of the IVDP?

A
  1. declare vintages
  2. guarantees label integrity
  3. enforces age declarations
  4. samples all appellation wine for authenticity
  5. regional promotion
  6. grants beneficio authorization
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35
Q

What is the Port’s beneficio?

A

IVDP regulated
The max. amount of wine that can be fortified in a given year, based on a matrix of 12 factors aka
*The Moreira da Fonseca Method”

(also the term for fortifying wine)

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36
Q

How many total points are in the beneficio?

A

2361

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37
Q

What is the min. score needed to score Grade A with Port’s Beneficio?

A

1200 (of 2361)

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38
Q

What is the lowest Beneficio grade that can produce Port?

A

F
(G cannot produce)

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39
Q

What soil/climate factors are considered in Port’s beneficio? (7)

A
  1. Location
  2. Altitude
  3. Exposure
  4. Bedrock
  5. Rough Matter
  6. Slope
  7. Shelter
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40
Q

What vine-related factors are considered in Port’s beneficio? (5)

A
  1. type of vine
  2. planting density
  3. yield
  4. training system
  5. vine age
41
Q

Port’s max. yields?

A

Branco: 65 hl/ha
Tinto: 55 hl/ha

42
Q

Most important Port RED grapes? (6)

A
  • Touriga Franca (most planted)
  • Touriga Nacional (the finest)
  • Tinta Roriz
  • Tinta Barroca
  • Tinta Cão
  • Tinta Amarela

[others.. Bastardo, Castelão, Cornifesto, Donzelinho Tinto, Malvasia Preta, Marufo, Rufete, Tinta Francisa (not Franca)]

43
Q

Name some Port WHITE grapes?

A

Verdelho,Viosinho
Códega, Rabigato
Sercial (Esgana Cão)
Malvasia Fina

44
Q

Name for Portugal’s terraces?

A

Patamares

45
Q

Portugal’s traditional crushing/fermenting troughs?

A

Lagares

46
Q

Fortifying Port - when, what, how?

A

Beneficio aka mutage (the other one)
- fortified to 19 - 22% with aguardiente once about 1/3 of the sugars are fermented
- usually a 1:4 ratio
- fermentation typically lasts 2-3 days

47
Q

Port’s Pipes?
- shipping
- general range

A

Shipping: SET at 534.24L
(vs Madeira 418, Marsala 423, Jerez Bota Chica 500L)

Production/Aging: 550 - 630L

*720 bottles or 60 cases - preferred increments of sale for English merchants

48
Q

What is the aging requirement for Vintage Port?

A

BOTTLED BY July 30 of 3rd year post harvest

MIN AGING: May 1 of 2nd year after harvest is the earliest sell date

49
Q

Do you need to decant an LBV Port?

A

No
Unlike Vintage, usually filtered

UNLESS

labelled Envelhecido em Garrafa (“Bottle Matured”) - has sediment
*Smith Woodhouse, Warre’s make this style

50
Q

Age indications for Tawny Port?

A

10, 20, 30, 40, 50

51
Q

Crusted Port?

A

Named for the deposit (crust) in the bottle. Poor man’s vintage Port - closer in style than an LBV
*2 or 3 harvests ages in wood for up to 2 years, bottled unfined and unfiltered
*must show date of bottling

52
Q

When was the Douro Valley first demarcated as a region?

A

1756

53
Q

What styles of Port can carry the term “Muito Velho” on the label?

A

“very old”
30, 40, 50 yr age indications

54
Q

Name for the traditional boats used for shipping Port?

A

Barco Rabelo
(1870’s railway led to decline of use and then the river was dammed in 1960)

55
Q

Portuguese term for the place where they store maturing Port?

A

Armazém
Lodge is the British term

56
Q

Balseiro

A

Vertical vat capable of holding as much as 100k liters
*more gradual, controlled oxidation - used for things like Premium Ruby, LBV and Vintage (where primary fruit character should be preserved)

57
Q

Port.. what are categorias Especiais?

A

“these are wines that are famous for their distinct characteristics”
Basically anything other than ruby, tawny, rosé and white Port (which makes up 80% of production)

58
Q

Who initiated the Rosé Port category?

A

Croft, 2008

59
Q

Toneis

A

Large wood cask with a capacity of between 20 and 60 pipa
*used for storing and aging wine

60
Q

Abafado

A

General term for a wine fortified via mutage

61
Q

Portuguese term for mutage?

A

Beneficio

62
Q

Portuguese term for winery?

A

Adega

63
Q

What is an Almude?

A

25.44L (22 almude = 1 pipe)
*standard measurement unit in the blending process
(Liquid measure determined by the quantity of Port a man can carry on his head)

64
Q

Portuguese term for marc/grappa?

A

Bagaceira
(Bagaco is the spent skins, stalks, pips)

65
Q

Portuguese term for grape variety?

A

Casta

66
Q

Colheita translate directly to?

A

Harvest
(cole-YATE-a)

67
Q

Portuguese term for schist?

A

Xisto

68
Q

How did the LBV Port category develop?

A

by default - leans years 1930s to 1960s, the wines spent longer than normal in wood while waiting for a buyer
*Noval was the 1st to produce a modern (filtered) and labelled LBV, 1954 vintage wine

69
Q

How does Port matured in the Douro different than Port matured in Vila Nova di Gaia?

A

Douro: more rapid maturation, higher evaporation rate at ~3%
* Lower humidity, Hotter temps = “Douro Bake”

Vila Nova: cooler, very humid; 1-2% evaporation rate

  • water evaporates more slowly in humid environments as isn’t as much room for it in the air
70
Q

3 types of vineyard systems in the Douro?

A

Patamares: the original dry stone wall terraces in the Douro Valley, pre-phylloxera style
*vines used to go out the sides - holes called “pilheiros” so crops could cover the flat land

Socalcos: modern terraces, minus the stone walls.. slopes instead of walls. Post-phylloxera. Lower planting density - 2400 to 3500 vines/ha

Vinha ao Alta: north-south orientation. Most modern. Suitable for grades up to 30º/35º. Suitable for higher planting density.

71
Q

When did Port first become fortified?

A

18th century - merchants added brandy to strengthen the wines for voyage

72
Q

Two types of containers for transporting harvested grapes to the winery in the Douro?

A

Cestos: wicker or plastic; traditional; 75kilo capacity
Dornas: 1000-kilo bins

73
Q

Stages of foot-treading Port?

A

Corte: “cut”; treaders link arms and march back and forth together. 2-3 hours

Liberdade: the later half where foot treading becomes more fun. Everyone can unlink arms and walk around however they want

74
Q

Port production - manta and Macacos?

A

Manta = cap; skins and stalks rise to surface
they use a Macacos (“monkey stick”) to push it down

75
Q

At what ABV is fermenting wine fortified in Port production?

A

5 - 7% aka around 7/8º Baumé
Baby Port will be about 19 or 20% ABV with 80 - 120g RS

76
Q

Leve Seco

A

“Light dry” White Port
* min 16.5% ABV
* 17 - 65 gl RS

77
Q

Ratio of fermenting must to Aguardiente for Port?

A

1:4
aka 115L of Aguardiente + 435L of wine to fill a 550L Pipe

78
Q

In Port production, what is the “encuba”?

A

Running the wine off the must to then mix it with aguardiente

79
Q

What is a Geropigas?

A

A very sweet white or red Port wine made via early fortification
* historically used to sweeten Port deemed “too dry”, now a rare practice

80
Q

Churchill’s quintas?

A

Quinta da Gricha
(the flagship)

Quinta da Água Alta
(historic, agreement ended in 1999)

81
Q

Quinta do Vale do Meáo

A

OG of the Douro dry table wine revolution
* Spiritual home of Barca Velha - supplied grapes for decades
* Ferreira family, but not the large company. 1st vintage as estate in 1999 after Francisco left leadership of A.A. Ferreira

82
Q

1st single varietal Vintage Port on the market?

A

Quinta do Infantado - Touriga Nacional, 1991

83
Q

What producer is known for Garrafeira Port?

A

Niepoort

84
Q

Nacional Port

A

Quinta do Noval - Vintage Port
*the legendary ungrafted (NOT pre-phylloxera) Port
*~6k vines; name is a nod to the roots - “attached to the soil of the nation”
* vines up to 80yrs; avg 35yrs

85
Q

Quinta de Vargellas

A

Taylor Fladgate
* SQVP - 1st commercialized SQVP on the market in 1958
* primary vyd of vintage port bottling

86
Q

Quinta da Cavadinha

A

Warre’s SQVP

87
Q

Terrible Port vintages

A

1993: very wet
2002: ok year ruined by harvest rain
2010: heavy winter rain, hot dry summer
2014: worst of the 2010’s

1993, 1995, 1996, 1999 - all poor

88
Q

Quinta de Terra Feita

A

Taylor-Fladgate

89
Q

Quinta do Bom Retiro

A

Ramos Pinto
* used for 20yr Tawny
(Roederer Group)

90
Q

Quinta do Roêda

A

Croft

91
Q

What treaty was a big deal for the English’s taste for Port?

A

Treaty of Methuen, 1703
*preferential tariffs for Portuguese stuff

92
Q

What was the earliest grading system for Port vineyards?

A

Feitoria: best vineyards, marked with stones and destined for the English market
Rama: local consumption

Douro Wine Company
1758 - 1761

93
Q

Pinhão

A

Major city in Cima Corgo from which the barco rabelo ships would depart from to head to Vila Nova di Gaia

Also a river

94
Q

What event opened the door for smaller quinta Port production?

A

1986 Portugal joins EU and the coops have to give up monopolistic powers

95
Q

3 Port houses with a solid offering of dry red table wine?

A

Ramos Pinto
Niepoort
Quinta do Crasto

96
Q

Mortório

A

walled, terraced vineyard (Douro)

Portuguese clos… with terraces

97
Q

Douro Bake

A

refers to the roasted/baked character in Port aged in the Douro’s heat. Accelerated/excessive oxidation.

98
Q

Taylor-Fladgate SQVP

A
  1. Quinta de Vargellas
  2. Quinta de Terra Feita
  3. Quinta da Junco
99
Q

Tributaries of the Douro in the Douro Valley

A

Tavora River
Pinhão River
Tua River
Corgo River
Sabor River

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