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Continuing Studies > GR: Peloponnese, Ionians, Aegean > Flashcards

GR: Peloponnese, Ionians, Aegean Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tree is mandated for use in production of Retsina?

A

Aleppo Pine aka Pinus Halepensis
(Pinus halepensis)

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2
Q

Retsina grapes

A

Savatiana
Roditis

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3
Q

What is Kokkineli?

A

“little red”

Including:
- Retsina rosé made from pink-skinned Roditis
- light hued Xinomavro or other varieties

coschenille = red dye

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4
Q

What are Greek Grand Cru dessert wines required to be fortified with?

A

Tsipouro aka Greek grappa

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5
Q

Term for Greek grappa

A

Tsipouro

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6
Q

Asproudi

A

A generic Greek term for white grapes

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7
Q

What does “Cava” on a Greek label indicate?

A

For PGI and Varietal wines only, regards oak aging.
Whites/rosé: min. 1 year with 6 in barrel
Reds: 3yrs with 1yr in barrel

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8
Q

What types of Greek wine can qualify as a Grand Cru?

A

Sweet wines - Vin Doux Naturel only

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9
Q

Grand/Grande Reserve meanings for Greek wine

A

PDO only - both terms mean the same thing
* Whites/rosé - 1yr in wood, 6 in bottle, 2 yr total
* Red - 18 in barrel, 18 in bottle, 4yr total

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10
Q

2 names for Santorini’s traditional vine training method?

A

Kouloura
Stefani

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11
Q

Greek term for “estate”?

A

Ktima

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12
Q

“Paleomenos se vareli”

A

For Cava, PGI and PDO wines - means that the wines have been oak aged longer than the Cava, Grand, Grande Reserve requirements

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13
Q

What does “Reserve” on a bottle of Greek wine indicate?

A

For PDO wines only
Whites: 1yr: 6in oak: 3in bottle
Reds: 2yr: 12in oak: 6 in bottle

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14
Q

Liatiko

A

RED - indigenous to Crete. Very early ripener (names means July); low tannin acid color
* Crete
* Daphne (as a varietal wine)
* Sitia (blended with Mandilaria)
* Malvasia Sitia, Malvasia Candia - vinified as a white and blended

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15
Q

Most planted red on Santorini? Typical blending partners?

A

Mandilaria #1
Typically blended with Mavrotragano

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16
Q

Only Greek PDO to feature varietal Mandilaria?

A

Rhodes PDO
(dry red, rosé, sparkling)

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17
Q

What body of water separates the Peloponnese from Greece’s mainland?

A

Gulf of Corinth

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18
Q

Peloponnese climate

A

Hot Mediterranean EXCEPT the continental center - Arcadia PGI/Mantinia PDO

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19
Q

Peloponnese’s PDO for dry wines

A
  1. Mantinia PDO: min 85% Moscofilero
  2. Nemea PDO: 100% Agiorgitiko
  3. Patras PDO: 100% Roditis
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20
Q

Peloponnese 4 PDO for sweet styles of wine

A
  1. Mavrodaphne of Patras
  2. Muscat of Rio Patras
  3. Muscat of Patras
  4. Monemvasia-Malvasia
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21
Q

Blood of Hercules wine

A

Agiorgitiko from Nemea

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22
Q

Nemea PDO grapes/styles

A

100% Agiorgitiko
Dry, semi-sweet, VDN, VDL, passito

(Nemea, Aidonia, Ancient Nemea, Ancient Kleones, Galatas, Daphne, Kastraki, Koutsi, Leonti and, Petri)

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23
Q

Megas Oenos

A

Skouras’ “Super Greek” Agiorgitiko + Cab Sauv blend from Nemea

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24
Q

Nemea PDO is located in what district?

A

Corinth
(though a small portion crosses over into Argolida)

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25
Q

Koutsi: where is it, what is it?

A

Nemea PDO
- Agiorgitiko
- one of the more famous crus
- limestone-rich soils at 650M
- Gaia’s headquarters are here

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26
Q

Mantinia PDO is located in what district?

A

Arcadia

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27
Q

Mantinia PDO climate

A

Continental (contrary to the hot, Mediterranean climate of the rest of the island)

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28
Q

Describe the topography of the Mantinia PDO.

A

In Arcadia in the center of the Peloponnese
- occupies a plateau @ 750M
- continental climate. Winters snows are common, ripening is not always a given
- rocky, iron-tinged clay soils
- MOSCHOFILERO (min 85%)

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29
Q

Grapes/styles of Mantinia PDO?

A

Min. 85% Moscofilero
* Dry white, vin gris, and sparkling
(the remainder must be Asproudes, but is usually Glikerithra)

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30
Q

What district PGI forms the northernmost coast of the Peloponnese? what is the main city?

A

Achaia PGI
Patras

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31
Q

grapes/styles of Patras PDO

A

100% Roditis
Dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet
(up to 45 g/l RS)

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32
Q

What winery is credited with creating Mavrodaphne of Patras as a style?

A

Achaia Clauss, 1861
*inspired by the Port wines of the Douro

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33
Q

Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO - grapes, styles, ABV range

A

Min. 51% Mavrodaphne, max. 49% Korinthiaki
1. Natural sweet red wine (made with dried grapes) OR 2. Vin de Liqueur (non-dried grapes but with additional must)
**can be a mistelle or a VDN, in French speak
15 - 22%

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34
Q

What are the different aging levels/aging requirements for Mavrodaphne of Patras PDO?

A

*Min. 1 year in oak barrels of 1,000 liters or less for vintage wines.
*Reserve: Min. 3 years- 2 in cask, 1 in bottle
*Vieille Reserve: Min. 5 years, 2 in cask, 2 in bottle
*Grand Reserve: Min. 7 years - 3 in oak, 3 in cask
*NV blends: min. 3 yrs aging after final blend

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35
Q

Muscat of Patras and Muscat of Rio Patras are made from what type of Muscat? Styles of each?

A

Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains
aka Moschato Aspro

VDL - fortified pre-fermentation
VDN - fortified during fermentation
Dried fruit - passito

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36
Q

What Peloponnese PDO’s qualify for Grand Cru designation? What styles of wine qualify?

A

Muscat of Patras
Muscat of Rio Patras
**VDN only, from selected vineyards

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37
Q

What important estate lies in the Ilia District?

A

Domaine Mercouri
*one of Greece’s most important boutique wineries. Est 1864 - they famously planted Refosco and continue to work with a mix of Italian, French, and Greek varieties

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38
Q

Domaine Mercouri

A

One of Greece’s best estates, est 1864
*Planted Refosco which is known locally as .. Mercouri
*closed in 1960, revived by family in 1985
*indigenous Greeks, French grapes, and Italian
*bottles under PGI Letrina & PGI Ilia

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39
Q

Monemvasia-Malvasia PDO lies in what district PGI?

A

Laconia

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40
Q

Monemvasia-Malvasia PDO - grapes/styles

A

Min. 51% Monvemvasia + Assyrtiko, Kydonitsa, Asproudes
*Naturally sweet white (vin liastos/sun-dried)
*VDN WHITE
fortification is an option, but the grapes must be dried for either style
ages in an oxidative environment

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41
Q

What is the aging requirement for Monemvasia-Malvasia PDO?

A

Min. 2 years in an oxidative environment.
Can be aged longer - but either must be 4yrs or if longer… multiples of 4

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42
Q

General climate of the Ionian islands?

A

Mediterranean - however, milder than the rest of the country and the rainiest
(thus, fungal infection is a regular concern)

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43
Q

Most important Ionian Island for viticulture?

A

Cephalonia
*only island to contain PDOs
*wine industry took a hit with 1953 earthquake - most devastating event for the island
*Robola is the star white grape and features in the only dry wine PDO
*Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia and Muscat of Cephalonia are the 2 dessert wine PDO

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44
Q

Cephalonia PDO’s?

A
  1. Robola of Cephalonia PDO
  2. Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
  3. Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO
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45
Q

Important producers of Robola of Cephalonia PDO?

A

Sclavos
Gentilini
*Cooperative of Cephalonia Robola Producers makes 85% of PDO wine

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46
Q

Muscat of Cephalonia PDO styles?

A

Vin Doux Naturel (and Grand Cru)
Vin de Liqueur
Naturally Sweet/Dried

47
Q

What Ionian PDO have Grand Cru?

A
  1. Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
  2. Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO

(joins Muscat of Rio Patras and Muscat of Patras in the Peloponnese, Muscat of Rhodes from the Dodacanese)

48
Q

Ionian Island PDOs?

A
  1. Robola of Cephalonia PDO
  2. Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
  3. Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO
49
Q

Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia - grapes/styles

A

Min 51% Mavrodaphne + max. Mavri Korinthiaki
Tsilego = Mavrodaphne clone
* Only stipulation is that it must be fortified

50
Q

Tsaousi and Moschatella are widely planted where?

A

Cephalonia

51
Q

Verdea

A

Zakynthos in the Ionian Islands
*one of 2 traditional PGI
*min. 50% Skiapouloudo - white grape with high sugar, mod. acidity
*commonly blended with Pavlos, Robola, Goutsolidi
*dry, high alcohol, oxidative tone from oak aging
*rare

52
Q

Specialty of Zakynthos?

A

Verdea PGI
Zakynthos in the Ionian Islands
*one of 2 traditional PGI
*min. 50% Skiapouloudo - white grape with high sugar, mod. acidity
*commonly blended with Pavlos, Robola, Goutsolidi
*dry, high alcohol, oxidative tone from oak aging
*rare

53
Q

Skiapouloudo

A

significant to Verdea PGI - most planted variety
* commonly blended with Pavlos, Robola, Goutsolidi
* Verdea = traditional styel of Zakynthos. Oxidative, oak aged wine with high ABV and acidity

54
Q

Cyclades are located in what body of water?

A

South Aegean

55
Q

Traditional name for Santorini?

A

Thera

56
Q

Santorini PDO islands of production?

A

Thera (Santorini) and Thirasia

57
Q

Santorini PDO grapes + styles?

A

Dry white: Min. 85% Assyrtiko + Aidani, Athiri
Vinsanto (dried, unfortified): Min. 51% Assyrtiko + Aidani, Athiri
Fortified Vinsanto - legal but not practiced
PDO ITSELF DOES NOT MAKE RED WINE OF ANY STYLE. THOSE EXIST OUTSIDE THE PDO

58
Q

Santorini Vinsanto
- grapes, styles, aging

A

An unfortified sweet wine made from dried grapes
* Min. 51% Assyrtiko + Aidani, Athiri with “small amounts” of other locals
* a fortified version is legal but not made
* Aging: min. 2 years in barrel
* * If released with age statement rather than vintage… must age at least 4yrs. Age statements come in multiples of 4

59
Q

Assyrtiko’s common blending partners in Santorini?

A

Athiri
Aidani

60
Q

Greek Vinsanto vs. Italy Vin Santo?

A

In regards to Vinsanto in Santorini, the Venetians historically traded VIno Santorini across the Mediterranean sea. Over time this was shortened to vinsanto.

The spelling difference is enforced by the EU after Greece joined in 1981. Italy beat them to the punch in 1958.
**basically, make sure you answer the right Vinsanto/Vin Santo in exam

61
Q

Where is Vinsanto made in Greece?

A

Santorini
Vinsanto = Vin Santo - Vini Santorini

62
Q

Nykteri

A

Historical product of Santorini
* very ripe grapes are picked before dawn and pressed same day
* ages 3 months in barrel, sometimes developing flor

63
Q

Santorini PDO red wines?

A

Non-existent
*Reds occur outside the PDO - Mavrotragano sometimes blended with Mandilaria
*Mezza = air-dried Mandilaria dessert wine

64
Q

Name for the small home wineries on Santorini?

A

Kanava

65
Q

1st major outside winery to set up on Santorini?

A

Boutari, 1st vinage in 1989

66
Q

Important Santorini wineries?

A

*Santo - co-op; was the only commercial producer from 1947 until 1970ish
*Hatzidakis - was Boutari winemaker
*Boutari - 1st important outside investment
*Gaia
*Sigalas

67
Q

Santorini soils?

A

Volcanic basalt atop metamorphosed limestone and schist

68
Q

Phylloxera on Santorini?

A

None - not enough clay in the soils.
*Volcanic basalt atop metamorphosed limestone and schist
**no phylloxera = VERY old root systems

69
Q

Traditional Santorini vine training and what’s the purpose?

A

Kouloura / Stefani
- protect from wind
- collect moisture from morning dew/fog in this dry dry dry place

70
Q

Late summer Santorini wind? Negative effects?

A

Meltemi (“year of bad weather”)
- blows very dry air from the north
- mid-May to late September
- pronounced effect on Santorini/Aegean

Cons:
* disrupts fruit set
* disrupts photosynthesis

71
Q

Most important grapes on Santorini?

A

WHITES:
#1 Assyrtiko (80% of total plantings)
Athiri and Aidani

REDS:
Mandilaria, Mavrotragano

72
Q

Paros

A

Cyclades island in the Aegean Sea
*Paros PDO: dry white Monemvasia and dry red from min. 35% Mandilaria + Monemvasia co-ferment
*Malvasia of Paros PDO
*Mandilaria, Monemvasia, Assyrtiko, and Savatiano
*extremely hot, dry but more humid and less windy than Santorini

73
Q

Malvasia of Paros PDO

A

Sun-dried grapes - natural or fortified
Min. 85% Monemvasia + max. 15% Assyrtiko
*must age 2 years to state vintage

74
Q

Paros PDO grapes/styles

A

Cyclades island in the Aegean Sea
*Paros PDO: dry white Monemvasia and dry red from min. 35% Mandilaria + Monemvasia co-ferment
**The ONLY Greek PDO to authorize a red + white co-ferment

75
Q

Paros climate + soil?

A

Soils: sand, loam, limestone
*don’t assume volcanic just cuz it is in the same group as Santorini
Climate: hot, dry but less windy and more humid than Santorini
*position in center of Cyclades offers shelter

76
Q

Cyclades Island’s PDO’s?

A
  1. Santorini PDO: Assyrtiko-based whites/vinsanto
  2. Paros PDO: Monemvasia whites + Mandilaria/Monemvasia co-ferment reds
  3. Malvasia of Paros PDO: min. 85% Monemvasia
77
Q

Dodecanese PDOs?

A
  1. Rhodes PDO
    *whites/sparkling from min. 70% Athiri
    *reds/rosé from min. 70% Mandiliaria + Mavrothiriko
  2. Muscat of Rhodes PDO
    *rare; VDN, VDL, Passito, VDN Grand Cru
78
Q

Most important island for viticulture in the Dodecanese? Where are we here?

A

Rhodes - contains 2 PDO
A group of 12 islands east of the Cyclades, near the Turkish coast

79
Q

Rhodes

A

PDO: W/R/R/Sparkling - dry to sweet
* soils: sand, clay, limestone
* Mt. Atavyros dominates the landscape
* hot, dry but has good water reserves
* Athiri and Mandilaria are the main grapes
* “Greek Champagne” - CAIR (coop est 1928) is the main producer
* Muscat of Rhodes, Rhodes PDO

The only viticulturally important island of the Dodacanese in the Aegean Sea (and the largest)

80
Q

Crete sits in between what 2 seas?

A

Libyan Sea to the south
Aegean Sea to the north

81
Q

Crete soils?

A

Limestone mixed with clay - fairly fertile

82
Q

4 districts of Crete? Which are most important for viticulture?

A

Hania**
Rethmyno
Iraklio** has 5 of 7 Cretan PDO
Lasithi

83
Q

5 PDO of Iraklio?

A

Iraklio is on the eastern side of Crete
Peza
Archanes
Daphne
Candia
Malvasia Candia

84
Q

Peza PDO

A

Crete in the Iraklio district
*dry whites - Vilana
*dry reds - Kotsifali and Mandilaria

85
Q

Archanes PDO

A

Crete in the Iraklio district
*dry reds only - Kotsifali and Mandilaria

86
Q

Daphnes PDO

A

Crete in the Iraklio district
*dry and sweet styles of Liatiko
*dry, VDN, VDN Grand Cru, VDL, passito
*least established reputation - Liatiko is a difficult grape and much of production was dominated by co-ops

87
Q

Candia PDO

A

Newer PDO (2011) in Crete’s Iraklio district
*dry whites: min. 85% Vilana with Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, and Liatiko
*dry reds: min. 70% Kotsifali + Mandilaria

88
Q

Malvasia Candia PDO

A

Newer PDO (2011) in Crete’s Iraklio district
*Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko (vinified white) + max. 15% combined Malvasia Candia and/or Muscat Blanc
*VDN or naturally sweet wine
*vineyards up to 700M
*rarely produced
*same assemblage as Malvasia Sitia
**only 2 Greek PDO to actually use Malvasia

89
Q

Sitia PDO

A

Lasithi district in the far east of Crete
*limestone-rich soils
*very very hot and dry
*250 - 650M
*dry whites: min. 70% Vilana with Thrapsathiri
*dry reds: min. 80% Liatiko with Mandilaria
*dessert wines - 100% Liatiko, sun-dried and unfortified

90
Q

Malvasia Sitia PDO

A

*Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko (vinified white) + max. 15% combined Malvasia Candia and/or Muscat Blanc
*VDN or naturally sweet wine
*Same as Malvasia Candia
**these are the only 2 Greek PDO to actually use Malvasia

91
Q

What Greek region is known for “Greek Champagne”?

A

Rhodes in the Dodacanese (in the Aegean)
*despite the hot, dry climate - they have a long history with Greek Champagne
*the local coop CAIR (est 1928) is the main producer

92
Q

Mt. Atavyros informs the landscape of what PDO?

A

Rhodes PDO

93
Q

Main grapes of Rhodes?

A

Athiri and Mandilaria (here known as Amorgiano)

94
Q

What 2 islands in the North Aegean feature PDOs for sweet Muscat?

A

Lemnos
Samos

95
Q

Most planted grape on Samos? Where is Samos?

A

95% Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains
aka Moschato Aspro
*the other 5% of vineyards is mostly Fokiano and Ritino
*Samos is in the North Aegean
*1934 law indicated that only MPG could call itself Samos

96
Q

Mt. Ampelos dominates the landscape of what island?

A

Samos

97
Q

Samos PDO soils?

A

Granite

98
Q

Samos PDO
- grapes, styles, ABV
- mountain, soils

A

Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains
*VDN, VDN Grand Cru, VDL, Passito
* 15 - 22% ABV
*steep island with granitic soils, dominated by Mt Ampelos
* best vineyards tend to be on high elevation, north-facing slopes
*Slopes of Ambelos PGI covers dry Muscat
*important PDO in regards to exports
*United Winemaking Agricultural Cooperative of Samos dominates productions

99
Q

Lemnos PDO

A

dry red Limnio (aka Kalambaki)
dry to semi-sweet Muscat of Alexandria
*volcanic soils, limestone-rich
*flat hot and dry
*island in the North Aegean

100
Q

Muscat of Lemnos PDO

A

Muscat of ALEXANDRIA
dried grapes, fortification optional
*can be grand cru
*volcanic, limestone-rich soils
*flat, hot and dry island in the North Aegean

101
Q

Ouzo

A

Made from grape pomace and always anise-flavored
*has its own PDO - made on the island of Lemnos
*min ABV 37.5%

102
Q

1st commercial Ouzo distillery?

A

Tyrnavos, 1856

103
Q

Agiorgitiko

A

Red grape
“St George’s Grape”
*planted primarily in the central Peloponnese and Attica
*sole variety of Nemea PDO
*deeply colored, elevated tannin and acid, soft plummy fruits, spice

104
Q

Liatiko

A

Red Grape
Indigenous to Crete
*early ripener - sometimes in July
*star of Daphne PDO
*blended with Mandilaria in Sitia PDO
*plays minor role (vinified white) in Malvasia Sitia and Malvasia Candia PDO
*low tannin, light color, medium acidity, floral

105
Q

Mandilaria

A

Red grape
*dark hue, high tannin and acid, low alcohol and aromatics
* star of Rhodes PDO
*most planted grape on Santorini - often blended with Mavrotragano
*typically blended with Liatiko and Kotsifali on Crete
*co-fermented with (white) Monemvasia on Paros

106
Q

Mavrodaphne

A

*Ionian Islands and W. Peloponnese
*most prominently made as an oak-aged “Tawny style” sweet wine - or more akin to a Ruby Port
* Mavrodaphne of Patras and Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia are the 2 important places - blended with Corinthiaki in both places
*Dom Mercouri makes a dry Mavrodaphne blended with Refosco

107
Q

Aidani

A

Planted on a handful of Aegean Islands - but Santorini is its point of origin
*drought tolerant
*adds weight, texture and pronounced floral aromatics to the Assyrtiko + Athiri blend
*behaves like Viognier

108
Q

Malagousia

A

White grape
*a recent revival - thanks to Evangelos Gerovassiliou who was working at Porto Carras and took some cuttings
*Peloponnese, Thessaly, Macedonia
*success is mostly outside of PDO as it is a recent phenomenon
*Rhodes PDO - the one place that it is included as part of the blend
*medium to elevated acid, creamy texture, floral spicy nose similar to Muscat

109
Q

Moschofilero

A

White grape
*Ionian Islands and the Peloponnese
*star of Mantinia PDO
*High-yielding and very late ripening
*elevated acid, light-to-mid body, floral and citric bouquet but not as heady as Muscat

110
Q

PDO’s for Muscat of Alexandria in Greece?

A

Lemnos, Muscat of Lemnos

111
Q

Robola

A

Ionian Islands - most notably in Cephalonia
*Sensitive to disease and drought - Ionians have just enough rain for it
*“Assyrtiko’s little brother”: high acid, elevated alcohol, minerality, neutral lemony character, prone to oxidation
*not related to Ribolla Gialla
*Robola of Cephalonia PDO

112
Q

Roditis

A

2nd most planted Greek grape (thanks Retsina)
*pink-skinned, very vigorous, quite neutral
*Patras PDO - 100% Roditis. Dry, semi-dry, semi-sweet
*Blended with Assyrtiko and Athiri in Slopes of Meliton PDO
*Anchialos PDO - blended with Savatiano

113
Q

Vidiano

A

Native to Crete
White grape
*retains acidity in extreme heat
*like a more acidic Marsanne
*notable PDO: Malvasia Candia, Malvasia Sitia, Candia

114
Q

Vilana

A

Native to Crete - most planted grape on the island
White grape
*star of Peza PDO, part of the blend in the Sitia PDO

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