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Continuing Studies > Chile > Flashcards

Chile Flashcards

1
Q

Arroba

A

weight measurement - about 8L

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2
Q

3 brands that dominate Chilean production?

A
  1. Concha y Toro (largest market share/largest vineyard holdings)
  2. Santa Rita
  3. San Pedro
    *85% of domestic consumption
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3
Q

MOVI

A

Movimiento de Viñateros Independientes
- est 2009.
- an association of small quality-minded wineries making wine on a more human scale

*Garage Wine Co, Montsecano, Von Siebenthal, Sigla, Kingston, Garcia + Schwaderer

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4
Q

Phylloxera in Chile

A

Non-existent - vines still grafted due to nematodes (they love sand)

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5
Q

Seña

A

Robert Mondavi x Eduardo Chadwick/Errazuriz
Est. 1995
* Aconcagua Valley DO

Seña’s blend changes yearly - typically Cab-dominant, with Malbec, Cab Franc, Carmenere and Petit Verdot

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6
Q

Almaviva

A

Baron Philippe de Rothschild x Concho y Toro
* Est. 1997; Puente Alto DO
* Cab-dominant; Carmenere, CF, PV, Merlot

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7
Q

Latitude range for Chilean vineyard area

A

26°S to 46°S

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8
Q

Chile’s “Berlin Tasting”

A

Winner: Eduardo Chadwick, Errazuriz

2004

Viñedo Chadwick and Seña best Lafite Rothschild and Margaux

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9
Q

Chile’s 2 main mountain ranges and their soils?

A
  1. Coastal Range: granite, schist and slate overlaid by red clays - result of crust folding/raising
  2. Andes: volcanic arch in Pacific Ring of Fire. Some limestone from the ocean floor (via accretion), but mostly basalt/andesite

(80% of Chile’s landmass is mountainous)

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10
Q

Chilean Wine Law categories

A

Law #18455, est 1994
1. Region (Atacama, Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valle Central, Sur, Austral)
2. Subregion (River valleys)
3. Zone: again.. usually river valleys
4. Area: typically match a commune (ex: Puente Alto)

*75% rule for vintage, variety, place
*85% for Costa, etc

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11
Q

% rules for Chile place, variety, vintage?

A

75% for variety, vintage, region
85% if using Costa, Enter Cordillera, Andes

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12
Q

Carmenere in Chile
- characteristics
- 3 top regions

A

“Merlot” until 1994
*late, late ripener - 2 weeks after Cab. Likes humid clay soil, but needs the warmest spots
* 1/3 of Carm is in Colchagua
* Puemo (Cachapoal), Los Lingues and Apalta (Colchagua) are best sites
* pyrazinic, bitter, tannic - cold soaks uncommon, needs warm ferment to soften

Errazuriz Kai, Concha y Toro Carmin de Puemo

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13
Q

Pipeño

A

occasionally fizzy, very quaffable light red made from Pais (which isn’t allowed on DO labels)

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14
Q

Chilean Pisco

A

*created their own appellation in 1931; however, not EU recognized
*tends to be more mass-produced than Peruvian Pisco

PISCO GRAPES:
- Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria)
- Moscatel Rosado
- Moscatel de Austria (Torrontés Sanjuanino)
- Torontel (Moscatel Amarillo, a progeny of País x Muscat of Alexandria)
- Pedro Jiménez

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15
Q

regions for Chilean Pisco production?

A

Atacama
Coquimbo
*both low-humidity, desert-like regions

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16
Q

Chile min ABV

A

Fermented from fresh vitis vinifera must, min 11.5% ABV
(12.5% for Reserva)

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17
Q

Chile’s 6 regional DO’s

A

Atacama
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Valle Central
Sur
Austral

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18
Q

Most planted grapes in Chile

A

Cab Sauv
Sauvignon Blanc
Merlot
Chardonnay
Carmenere

75% of production is red

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19
Q

Kai

A

Errazuriz
Aconcagua Valley
Carmenere

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20
Q

Chile’s cold ocean current

A

Humboldt Current

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21
Q

Carmin de Puemo

A

Concho y Toro
Carmenere
Carries the Puemo DO (Cachapoal Valley DO)

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22
Q

Atacama DO’s

A

Valle de Copiapo
Valle de Huasco
*Pisco grape country - not super important for wine

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23
Q

Coquimbo’s DOs

A

Valle de Elqui
Valle de Limari
Valle de Choapa (least important)

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24
Q

Valle de Elqui DO
- location
- zones
- flagship variety

A

Coquimbo ; Andes
* highest elevation area in Chile
*huge diurnal shift mitigates heat
* Syrah #1

Costa: La Serena
Andes: Paiguano, Vicuña

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25
Q

Alta Tierra

A

Viña Falernia
Syrah
Elqui Valley
A reference point for Elqui Valley and Chilean Syrah in general

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26
Q

Highest elevation growing area in Chile?

A

Valle de Elqui, with vines reaching up to 2200M

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27
Q

Valle de Limari climate

A
  • Arid desert with cool maritime influence from Humboldt current and Camanchaca fog
  • 2.75in rain/yr
  • Camanchaca fog

Transverse valley - E/W orientation

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28
Q

Valle de Limari soils

A

Red clay topsoil + limestone (terra rossa); calcareous soils are unique in Chile

More alluvial/volcanic towards the Andes

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29
Q

Valle de Limari DO
- location
- climate zones
- 1st winery

A

Coquimbo ; Costa, Entre Cordillera
* Pisco coop Capel started the 1st winery here in 1993 - Francisco Aguirre. Tabali and Casa Tamaya also early entrants

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30
Q

Most important grape for: Valle de Limari? Valle di Elqui?

A

Elqui = Syrah
Limari = Chardonnay

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31
Q

DO subregions of Aconcagua

A

Valle de Aconcagua
Valle de Casablanca
Valle de San Antonio

(all transverse valleys)

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32
Q

Viña Errazuriz

A

Valle de Aconcagua DO (the subregion, specifically)

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33
Q

Valle de Aconcagua DO
- main grapes
- climate zones

A

Aconcagua Region
* GRAPES: Cab Sauv, Carmenere, Syrah. Sauv Blanc gaining ground in coastal areas

  • Costa, Entre, Andes areas. Transverse valley

Viña Errazuriz, Seña are the stars. Reputation is bigger than the plantings.. only ~1500ha

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34
Q

Valle de Casablanca DO
- location
- climate zones/climate

A

Aconcagua Region
* Entirely Costa; no areas. 33ºS
* COOL MED. Break in the Coastal Range = Humboldt Current cool air flows in. Fog, cool winds. 21.3in/yr

Veramonte, Casas del Bosque, Kingston, Laroche Punto Alto, Morandé, Montsecano

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35
Q

3 big viticultural challenges in Valle de Casablanca?

A
  • frost (wind machines commonly used)
  • depleted underground irrigation water
  • nematodes in sandy soils
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36
Q

Valle de Casablanca soils?

A

sandy loam on the valley floor (nematode magnet), red clay over quartz-rich granite in the hillsides

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37
Q

Valle de Casablanca climate

A
  • COOL MED. Break in the Coastal Range = Humboldt Current cool air flows in. Fog, cool winds. 21.3in/yr
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38
Q

Valle de Casablanca grapes

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay account for 2000+ha each of the total 6000

Pinot Noir, Syrah are most important reds

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39
Q

Valle de San Antonio DO
- location
- flagship variety
- climate

A

Aconcagua Region

*GRAPES: Sauv Blanc over 50%
* planted 1998 - Viña Leyda planted 200ha

  • CLIMATE: Cool Mediterranean
    13.8in/yr. Maipo River = irrigation source. Wind, Camanchaca fog, coastal humidity
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40
Q

Subzones of Valle de San Antonio DO

A
  1. Lo Abarca DO: most extreme cool maritime (only ~1k growing degree days); 4km from coast. Casa Marin
  2. Valle de Leyda DO: 15km from ocean. Viña Marin
  3. Rosario (unofficial): warmest, driest, more inland, furthest north. Matetic
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41
Q

Matetic

A

Valle de San Antonio DO: unofficial Rosario area, (in Valle de Leyda DO zone)

*est 1999. Huge hilly property composed primarily of pines and eucalyptus. Sheep, blueberries and wine -12M from ocean
*biodynamic
*Coralillo and EQ labels

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42
Q

Valle de Leyda DO
- location
- climate
- soils
- flagship variety

A

Subregion of Valle de San Antonio DO (in Aconcagua Region)
* 15km from ocean. Low hills, constant coastal humidity, wind, fog, very cool growing temps. 13.8in/yr
* alluvial clay soils
*Sauv Blanc #1
*est 1998 w plantings by Viña Leyda

AREAS: San Juan, Santo Domingo (both Costa)

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43
Q

Lo Abarca DO
- location

A

Est 1998 - area of San Antonio Valley DO
* some of the most extreme cool coastal vineyards of the new world
* 45ha - Casa Marin (pioneer), Undurraga

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44
Q

Chile DO’s with more whites than red

A

Valle de San Antonio
Valle de Leyda
Valle de Casablanca
Valle de Limari
*maybe more, but need to find/add

45
Q

Maipo Andes

A

Puirque
Puente Alto
Penalolen

Macul, Paine, Buin

46
Q

Rainfall in Maipo vs Maule?

A

Maipo is warmer and drier.. Maule is where the climate begins to transition. Maipo is ~12in rain/yr, Maule is ~29in rain/yr

47
Q

4 DO regions of Valle Central N-S

A

Valle del Maipo DO (35kha)
Valle del Rapel DO (12,300 Cachapoal + 32,767 in Colchagua)
Valle de Curicó DO (18,531ha)
Valle del Maule DO (11,282ha)

109,909 total ha (2021)

48
Q

Valle de Rapel

A

Subregion of Valle de Central
* Colchagua and Cachapoal DO within
* most heavily planted DO subregion
* Rapel Rivers forms at confluence of Tinguiririca and Cachapoal Rivers

49
Q

Valle de Curico
- DO Zones
- climate/zones
- major producers

A

subregion of Valle Central
Warm Mediterranean. ~27in rain/yr
* flat topography = considerable frost risk
* 2 DO Zones:
Valle de Lontue
Valle de Teno
* Costa, Entre, Andes
San Pedro, Miguel Torres, Valdivieso

The 1st to modernize thanks to Torres’ contribution

50
Q

Valle de Cachopoal DO
- climate zones
- top area DO
- soils

A

Zone; Valle de Rapel
- Entre Cordilleras, Andes
- SOILS: brown clay/alluvial soils + warmth = great site for Carmenere
- Puemo DO (entre cordillera)

*Pedro Parra’s Clos des Fous has the highest elevation vineyards - Alto Cachapoal @ ~1000M

51
Q

Puemo DO

A

Cachapoal Valley (Rapel Valley, Valle Central)
Entre Cordilleras
* top site for Carmenere
* silty brown clay + alluvial soils
* warm Med. Paradise for heat-loving varieties. 1/3 planted to Carmenere
* Cachapoal River runs through the heart, prevents frost

Santa Carolina “Herencia”
Concha y Toro “Carmin de Puemo” both label with this area

52
Q

Herencia

A

Santa Carolina
Carmenere
Puemo DO (Cachapoal DO)

53
Q

Valle de Colchagua DO size/plantings

A

~28k under vine - huge zone DO of Valle de Rapel DO (subregion) in Valle Central (region)
* 2nd only to Maule Valley in total acreage
* 2/3 of plantings concentrate in E.C. area

More Cabernet Sauvignon and Carmenere than any other DO; Merlot and Syrah also important

54
Q

Colchagua DO producers

A

The old guard: Cono Sur, Viu Manent and Casa Silva

French investment: Lapostolle, Los Vascos and Hacienda Araucano

(Relative) newcomers: Montes, Neyen, Koyle

55
Q

Apalta DO
- meaning of name
- river
- location/climate zone
- soils

A

Entre Cordillera Area; Colchagua Valley (Rapel/Valle Central)
* “earthquake”
* north bank of Tinguiririca River in the Coastal Range.. Horseshoe shaped valley… opens to the south, mountains on 3 sides
* well drained granite hillsides, clay loam on the valley floor

56
Q

Key bottles/producers in Apalta DO

A

Casa Lapostolle (Clos Apalta)
Montes (Alpha M)
Santa Rita
Neyen/Veramonte
Apaltagua

57
Q

Reasons for grafting in Chile

A
  1. control vigor
  2. defense against nematodes
58
Q

Problematic vintages in Chile since 2010

A

2010: earthquake year. Cool, wet
2016: too wet; el Nino year
2021: wettest since 2016

2014: frost year, reduced yields
2020: bad frosts

2015: too hot - variable between regions
2017: too hot - Costa, Andes fared better. Wildfire year

2023: wildfire year (Itata, Bio Bio)

59
Q

Costa

A

Regions close to the Pacific - usually to the west of or on the slopes of the Coastal Range
* strong maritime influence
* camanchaca fog in the mornings, sea breeze afternoons

60
Q

Entre Cordilleras

A

“Between Mountain ranges”
* Coastal and Andes - typically the warmest areas with Med climate, little to no influence from coast or Andes

61
Q

Andes

A

Chile’s growing regions in the foothills of the Andes
* High altitude, continental climate with mountain influence
* Typically cooler than the Entre

62
Q

Los Lingues DO

A

Colchagua Valley; Andes
* Volcanic soils, 300 - 600M
* Koyle, Casa Silva, Siegel, Santa Carolina

63
Q

Pirque DO

A

Maipo Andes
* top Cab Sauv terroir in Maipo (w Puento Alto
* south of Maipo River/Puente Alto. Pirque, Puento Alto + area south of Santiago suburbs = Alto Maipo
* Clay-loam and lots of river gravel
* Santa Ema has highest vineyards at 1000M

64
Q

Puente Alto

A

Maipo Andes
* north bank of Maipo River; across from Pirque
* high gravel/stone content and wide diurnal shift = great Cab Sauv site

Almaviva, Don Melchor, Viña Chadwick

65
Q

Maule Valley
- most planted varieties
- top producer organization
- sub-DOs

A

Valle Central; ~35kha planted; 35ºS
* home to VIGNO
* Cab Sauv #1, but significant historical Carignan + Pais plantings

Claro, Tutuven, Loncomilla Valley DO’s

Bulk reputation, big area with variable climate/soils. Generally granite/clay. Med influence towards the coast w continental interior.

66
Q

Maule Valley DO Zones?

A

Claro, Tutuven, Loncomilla Valley DO’s

67
Q

VIGNO
- min %
- training
- min. vine age
- aging requirement
- main region

A

Vignadores de Carignan
* min. 85% Carignan
* dry-farmed, head-trained
* 30yrs+ vines (can be grafted)
* ages 2yrs min

~600ha of Carignan in W. Maule Valley. 1939 earthquake’s rebuild prompted plantings. 2010 earthquake inspired group’s formation. Petitioning to become 1st DOC

68
Q

3 VIGNO producers?

A
  1. M. Torres (Entre Cordillera Carignan VIGNO )
  2. Gillmore (Old Vine Carignan)
  3. Garage Wine. Co
  4. De Martino
69
Q

What event prompted widespread plantings of Carignan in the Maule Valley?

A

The 1939 earthquake - the Ministry of Ag recommended replanting with Carignan to bolster the regions’ Pais blends

70
Q

Chilean region most known/associated with old vine Carignan?

A

Maule Valley

71
Q

Don Melchor

A

“Chile’s first icon wine” (so says Seña)
* Cab Sauv dominant blend
* Puente Alto DO.
* Concho y Toro - named for the founder.

72
Q

Viñedo Chadwick

A

100% Cab Sauv; Puente Alto DO

  • Eduardo Chadwick of Errazuriz, made by Francisco Baettig
  • planted dad’s polo field to Cab Sauv in 1992.
  • 1st vintage in 1999
73
Q

Casa Real

A

100% Cabernet Sauvignon
Valle del Maipo DO
Santa Rita

74
Q

Puente Alto DO labelled wines

A

Almaviva
Don Melchor
Viñedo Chadwick

75
Q

Cachapoal Valley DO star grape?

A

Carmenere, particularly in the Puemo DO (area)

76
Q

Valle de Colchagua DO river?

A

Tinguiririca River

77
Q

Altura

A

Casa Silva
* Carmenere-led blend Los Lingues estate. Labelled under the Valle de Colchagua DO

78
Q

Alpha M

A

Montes
Apalta DO
* 80% Cab + Merlot, PV, CF

79
Q

Most planted Maule varieties?

A
  1. Cab Sauv
  2. Pais
  3. Sauvignon Blanc
  4. Merlot
  5. Carmenère
  6. Chardonnay
  7. Syrah
80
Q

KJ in Chile

A

Maule Valley

81
Q

1939 earthquake’s effect on Chilean grape choices?

A

Moscatel and Cinsault were encouraged for replanting in the Itata Valley while Carignan was recommended in the Maule Valley to bolster the local Pais-based wines

82
Q

Sol del Sol

A

Viña Aquitainia’s Malleco Valley line

83
Q

1st to use the Austral DO on a wine label?

A

Casa Silva

84
Q

1st Chilean wine to hit the Place de Bordeaux?

A

1996 Almaviva
* listed on la Place de Bordeaux in 1998.
* first non-Bordeaux wine to ever be sold on la Place. The next would be 2004 Opus One a few years later.

85
Q

Name 2 producers of the Casablanca Valley?

A

Veramonte, Casas del Bosque, Kingston, Morandé, Montsecano

86
Q

Chile Pisco categories + min. ABV

A
  • Pisco Corriente/ Tradicional: 30% to 35%
  • Pisco Especial: 35% to 40%
  • Pisco Reservado: 40% to 42.9%
  • Gran Pisco: 43%+
87
Q

Chile’s first biodynamic wine?

A

Antiyal, debuted in 1998
Maipo Valley
* Carmenere, Cab, Syrah blend
* Varietal Carmenere

88
Q

Atacama subregion DO’s

A

Valle del Copiapo
Valle del Huasco

89
Q

Sur DO’s subregions

A

Valle del Bio-Bio DO
Valle del Itata DO
Valle del Malleco DO

90
Q

Valle del Itata DO

A

Sur DO
#1 = Pais. Moscatel/ Cinsault were recommended plantings after 1939 earthquake
*2/3 of vines are ungrafted bush vines

91
Q

Valle del Bio-Bio DO
- climate/important mountain range
- grapes

A

Sur DO
* Pinot Noir, Pais, Chardonnay are most planted
* Temperate Mediterranean with warm summer, cold winters. Nahuelbuta Mountains block coastal influence. Cool , rainy - ~43in/yr

92
Q

Valle del Malleco DO

A

Sur DO
not much happening here
very cool continental

93
Q

Clos Apalta

A

Apalta DO
Carmenere-based blend
Domaines Bournet-Lapostolle

94
Q

Hacienda Araucano

A

Lolol DO (Colchagua)
*Lurton fam from Bordeaux

95
Q

Chilean wines sold on the Place de Bordeaux

A
  1. Almaviva
  2. Viñedo Chadwick
  3. Seña
  4. Lapostolle Clos Apalta
  5. VIK
  6. Santa Rita’s Casa Real
96
Q

Errazuriz

A

Est 1870; key player in Aconcagua (Costa, Andes)

Top wines:
* Don Maximiano: Cab-based blend

  • KAI: 100% Syrah
  • La Cumbre: 93% Carmenere/ 7% Petite Syrah
97
Q

Montes’ top 3 bottlings?

A

Purple Angel: Carmenere - Colchagua Valley DO
Alpha M: Cab-dom BDX blend - Apalta DO
Folly: Syrah - Apalta DO

98
Q

Viña Aquitania

A

Bruno Prats (Chateau Cos d’Estournel) + Paul Pontallier (Chateau Margaux) + Felipe de Solminihac

Alto Maipo Cabernet Sauvignon

99
Q

Santa Rita- top 3 wines?

A

est 1880 - Maipo Valley based, land in all the important places
* owns Viña Carmen
* Casa Real: Cab Sauv, Valle de Maipo DO
* Triple C: Cab Franc-dom, Valle de Maipo DO

100
Q

Purple Angel

A

Montes
Colchagua Valley DO
Carmenere with just a touch of PV

101
Q

Secano Interior DO
- meaning
- varieties
- regions

A

“dry land” or “unirrigated”
Special Chilean DO: País or Cinsault - S. Chile between the Mataquito & Bío-Bío rivers

Covers: Maule, Itata and Bio Bio

Can be used in conjunction with regional DOs and climate designation

102
Q

Chilean climate designations

A

Costa
Entre Cordillera
Andes

103
Q

Listan Negro vs. Prieto

A

Prieto = Mission (Cali, Mexico), Pais (Chile), Criolla Chica (Argentina)

Listan Negro is common in the Canary Islands, but is NOT the grape in the Americas

104
Q

Carmenere - Chilean synonym/parents

A

Grand Vidure
Cabernet Franc x Gros Cabernet

105
Q

Miguel Torres contributions to Chilean wine

A

arrived 1979 in Curico
* stainless steel tanks
* temperature control
* new barriquires
* VSP trellising

106
Q

Alto Maipo

A

area that includes Pirque, Puente Alto and are south of Santiago suburbs in Maipo - top Cab Sauv terroir

107
Q

Valle del Elqui costa zone

A

La Serena

108
Q

Camanchaca

A

Fog that forms on the Chilean Coast near the Atacama desert - dense, but too fine to produce rain droplets

109
Q

Claro, Tutuven, Loncomilla Valley

A

DO zones in Maule Valley

Continuing Studies (80 decks)

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