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GIL 2 > protists > Flashcards

protists Flashcards

1
Q

what are protozoa

A

single celled eukaryotic organisms that feed heterotrophically and have diverse motility mechanisms

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2
Q

how do protists feed

A
  • phagocytosis, pinocytosis or simple absorption
  • mouth opening may be temporary (amoeba) or permanent (ciliates)
  • food particles surrounded by membranes forming a food vacuole, digestive enzymes secreted into vacuole
  • soluble nutrients are absorbed into endoplasm, waste discharges through opening in plasma membrane
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3
Q

list important veterinary protists that are zoonotic

A
  • giardiasis
  • cryptosporidiosis
  • toxoplasmosis
  • babesiosis
  • trypanosomiasis
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4
Q

what is a trophozoite

A

feeding form of a protist

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5
Q

outline reproduction in protozoa

A
  • often have complex lifecycles with different stages in the same ot different hosts
  • asexual stages include mitotic division of parent cell into 2 or more identical offspring
  • sexual reproduction = formation and fusion of gametes producing new offspring
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6
Q

outline the life cycle of coccidia

A
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7
Q

outline the lifecycle of toxoplasma gondii

A
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8
Q

what is an oocyst

A

“egg” form of a protist
- hardy and survive in the environment
- metabolically inactive so cant be hit by drugs
- resistant to many disinfectants
- infectious (but not always immediately)
- may be detected in feces and used for diagnosis

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9
Q

how do protozoa cause disease

A
  • compete with normal commensals changing gut microbiota
  • produce toxins
  • cause host immune response (major reason)
  • damage cells and tiussues (major)
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10
Q

how do you diagnose protozoa

A
  • look at trophozoite morphology
  • oocyst morphology
  • may be detected in feces
  • gross and/or histopathological observation of lesions

different spp of eimeria can be dx’d by where in GIT they affect

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11
Q

list GI protozoal diseases

A
  • coccidiosis
  • cryptosporidiosis
  • toxoplasmosis
  • neosporosis
  • giardiasis
  • trichomoniasis
  • histomoniasis
  • balantidiasis
  • spironucleasis
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12
Q

what are the most important genera of coccidiosis

A

eimeria spp or isospora spp

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13
Q

discuss coccidiosis infection in poultry

A
  • oocysts sporulate within 24hrs of excretion and are resilient in environment (can survive years)
  • different sp infect different parts of gut and cause different clinical signs (diarrhea, poor growth and death often seen)
  • disease is due to direct damage to gut mucosa and secondary bacterial infections
  • big issue in young birds and rehomed layer hens (no immunity after living in strict biosecurity conditions)
  • diagnose via oocysts in feces and necropsy
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14
Q

how is coccidiosis diagnosed and controlled in birds

A
  • Diagnosis – oocysts in faeces and necropsy
  • Control measures include: coccidiostats, coccidiocides, vaccines (live, attenuated), biosecurity/disinfection
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15
Q

discuss coccidiosis in lambs

A
  • mainly eimeria spp
  • adults act as asymptomatic sources of infection to young animals
  • lambs under 6 months get diarrhea, dehydration, poor growth and death
  • particularly issue in crowded and stressful conditions
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16
Q

how is coccidia diagnosed/controlled in lambs

A
  • Diagnosis – oocysts in faeces (but not necessarily very useful as can have high counts without disease and low counts with disease) and necropsy
  • Control measures include: coccidiostats, coccidiocides, biosecurity / disinfection / rotation of pasture etc, ensure get colostrum
17
Q

outline the lifecycle of cryptosporidiosis

A
18
Q

which strain of cryptosporidiosis is zoonotic

A

C. parvum

19
Q

how is crypto controlled/treated

A
  • no treatment for non-human animals as is self limiting
  • no vaccine
20
Q

outline the lifecycle of toxoplasmosis

A
21
Q

what is the definitivie host for toxoplasmosis

A

cats - dont show disease
oocysts are mainly shed by younger cats

22
Q

what is the intermediate host of toxoplasmosis

A

rodents - get tissue cysts which are eaten by cats
can transmit vertically

23
Q

disease of toxoplasmosis in accidental hosts manifests as

A

sheep: abortion, stillbirths or weakly lambs
humans: abortion, systemic/neurologic disease

24
Q

outline the life cycle of neosporosis

A
25
Q

what is the clinical relevence of neospora caninum

A
  • important cause of abortion in cattle
  • dogs eat raw meat/placenta (vertical transmission occurs in cattle) and poops in field
  • dogs only definitive host
26
Q

how is neosporosis diagnosed and controlled

A

diagnosis: abortion of mid/late pregnancy, necropsy of fetus and detection by immunohistology/PCR or serology of dam/fetus/dog
control: no treatment of vaccine - dont let dogs eat raw placentas or raw beef, pick up dog shit in fields with cattle

27
Q

where are common locations to find giardia spp

A

water environments contaminated by human, livestock or wildlife

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of giardia

A

diarrhea (mainly in humans and dogs, rarely in any other species)

29
Q

outline the clinical significance of trichomoniasis

A
  • trichomonas gallinae causes canker/frounce in birds/reptiles
  • common and often asymptomatic in wild pigeons, transmitted by crop milk
  • can cause severe upper GIT disease blocking ability to eat, drink and breath (die)
30
Q

what is the significance of histomoniasis

A
  • blackhead in turkets
  • amoeboid in tissues but flagellated in gut lumen
  • can infect wide range of poultry but mainly seen in turkeys
  • severe necrosis of caecae and liver
  • yellow diarrhea, listless, high fatality
  • diagnosed at necropsy
  • controlled by deworming and biosecurity
31
Q

outlinenthe lifecycle of histomoniasis

A
32
Q

what is the clinical significance of balantidium spp

A
  • ciliate protozoan that can form tough cysts to survive in environment
  • normal part of gut biota of many mammals but can caus diarrhea in humans and primates (mainly in tropics)
  • cause diarrhea in repties
  • treat with metronidazole
  • prevent with better hygiene
33
Q

what is the significance of spironucleosis

A
  • live in gut and transmitted via feces
  • cuases diarrhea, depression and weight loss in birds
  • in fish causes hole in the head disease
  • lifecycle not understood
  • controlled by improved hygiene and reducing crowding
  • treated with metronidazole

GIL 2 (113 decks)

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