2. Stomach imaging SDL

Question 1

what is a sphincter

Answer 1

A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body

Question 2

what is peristalsis

Answer 2

involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscles throughout the digestive tract, allowing for the propulsion of contents through the GIT

Question 3

what is the difference between voluntary and involuntary swallowing

Answer 3

voluntary: Chewing of food and mixing of saliva, the tongue forces bolus towards the pharynx
involuntary: At this stage, swallowing cannot be stopped or reversed, the swallowing centre is activated, the upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes and food slides up the epiglottis into the oesophagus.

Question 4

what is deglutition

Answer 4

action/process of swallowing

Question 5

what is prmary peristalsis

Answer 5

peristalsis induced by swallowing

Question 6

what is secondary peristalsis

Answer 6

If the food gets stuck, the oesophagus will distend. Local reflexes at these distention sites trigger forceful secondary waves.

Question 7

where is the swallowing centre and how is it activated

Answer 7

The swallowing centre in the medullar oblongata is activated by pressure-sensitive sensors in the pharynx

Question 8

what is dysphagia

Answer 8

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing

Question 9

what is regurgitation

Answer 9

Regurgitation is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood

Question 10

what is vomiting

Answer 10

forceful evacuation of stomach contents, with retching, that travels fast and cannot be held up in the mouth.

Question 11

what colour should the normal esophagus be on esophagoscopy

Answer 11

pale grey/pink (always paler than stomach mucosa)

Question 12

should food be present in the normal esophagus on esophagoscopy

Answer 12

no

Question 13

can you see submucosal vessels in the esophagus on esophagoscopy

Answer 13

in puppies and cats maybe, but NOT in dogs

Question 14

how is this dog positioned

Answer 14

• can see spine in center so has to be DV or VD
• can see 2 distinct areas where contrast has pooled, cardia and pylorus
• must be in dorsal recumbency so VD

Question 15

what position is this dog in

Answer 15

sternal recumbency
- contrast fluid has pooled at the most depended area which is at the fundus/cardiac region

Question 16

is this a left or right lateral image

Answer 16

left lateral
- 2 distinct areas of air and fluid

Question 17

right or left lateral

Answer 17

right lateral
- pylorus has contrast in meaning must be lower than cardiac region for fluid to pool here
- suggests patient is laying on right side