formative

Question 1

regurgitation is typically a sign of disease affecting which organ

Answer 1

oesophagus

Question 2

………… enables more efficient absorption of dietary lipid by acting as a detergent to create a small lipid droplets

Answer 2

bile

Question 3

Primary contractions of the rumen-reticulum are stimulated by impulses transmitted via which nerve?

Answer 3

vagus

Question 4

which tooth is indicated by the star

Answer 4

204

Question 5

deficiency of this vitamin can cause neurological signs such as blindness, isolation, wandering and periodic backwards flexion of the neck in sheep

Answer 5

vitamin B12

Question 6

this vitamin has a metabolic role with calcium and phosphorus

Answer 6

Vitamin D

Question 7

this vitamin is interrelated with selenium

Answer 7

vitmain E

Question 8

this vitamin is manufactured by the rumen microbes from cobalt

Answer 8

vitamin B12

Question 9

this mineral is an important constituent of thyroid hormones

Answer 9

iodine

Question 10

this mineral is an important constituent of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase

Answer 10

selenium

Question 11

can impact copper balance significantly in ruminants

Answer 11

molybdenum

Question 12

what is a product of glucose metabolism only under anaerobic conditions

Answer 12

lactate

Question 13

Can be tested in the blood of cattle to indicate the presence of ketosis

Answer 13

beta-hydroxy butyrate

Question 14

the dominant hormone in the fed state is:

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

Which cell type migrates in response to bacteria in the periodontal pocket, and is found in high numbers in the crevicular fluid during periodontal disease?

Answer 15

neutrophils

Question 16

What is the infective stage of Eimeria parasites?

Answer 16

sporocyst

Question 17

What do humans inadvertently ingest which results in a hydatid (Echinococcus) cyst infection?

Answer 17

food or water contaminated with echinocoocus eggs

Question 18

how many taenial bands are present on the small colon of the horse

Answer 18

two

Question 19

where does microbial digestion take place in the gastro-intestinal tract of the horse

Answer 19

in the caecum and colon

Question 20

what is the mechanism of citrate when added to an oral rehydration fluid containing glucose

Answer 20

drives the sodium/glucose symporter in the mucosal cells

Question 21

this egg was found in the feces of a dog. which parasite is it from

Answer 21

Dipylidium caninum

Question 22

the tuberculin skin test detects which type of hypersensitivity reaction in cattle

Answer 22

type 4

Question 23

what is the lifecycle of trichostrongylus species in sheep

Answer 23

A direct lifecycle and a pre-patent period of 16-21 days

Question 24

what is the most appropriate diagnostic technique for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in snake feces

Answer 24

fecal smear and staining with acid fast stain

Question 25

What is the most appropriate timing and volume of colostrum feeding in newborn calves (bodyweight 40kg)?

Answer 25

feeding 4L of colostrum within the first 6 hours of life

Question 26

How does ruminant saliva differ from saliva produced by other species?

Answer 26

it has higher pH and higher concentrations of phosphate

Question 27

which monogastric stomach cell produces, stores and releases pepsinogen

Answer 27

chief cells

Question 28

which monogastric stomach cell is stimulated by the vagal nerve and peptides to release gastrin into the bloodstream

Answer 28

G cells

Question 29

which monogastric stomach cell releases histamine for paracrine activity

Answer 29

enterochromaffin like cells

Question 30

hydrogen and chloride ions are transported independently from this cell into the lumen

Answer 30

parietal cells

Question 31

what cell releases somatostatin

Answer 31

delta cells

Question 32

what cell secretes a viscous HCO3- mucus to balance the acidic environment

Answer 32

surface epithelial cells

Question 33

the .......... nematode is known colloquiallt as the barber's pole worm

Answer 33

haemonchus contortus

Question 34

Which parasite lays eggs on the legs of a horse, is ingested via grooming and the migrated L3 attach to the mucosa along the margo plicatus?

Answer 34

gasterophilus

Question 35

A farmer has asked you to visit as her group of 7 week old, recently weaned lambs are in very poor condition and 4 have died suddenly. It is June, and the remaining lambs have watery diarrhoea and are losing weight quickly. What parasite is most likely to be affecting these lambs?

Answer 35

nematodirus battus

Question 36

what is coated on the IgA molecule to protect it from secretary lumen enzymes

Answer 36

secretary component

Question 37

A form of stored carbohydrate primarily stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 37

glycogen

Question 38

A hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to increased blood sugar

Answer 38

insulin

Question 39

A catabolic hormone which raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids

Answer 39

glucagon

Question 40

Low density lipoproteins which consist of triglycerides, phosphlipids, cholesterol and proteins

Answer 40

chylomicrons

Question 41

The process that generates glucose from non carbohydrate substrates is known as

Answer 41

gluconeogenesis

Question 42

Antigens delivered stystemically will not stimulate .........

Answer 42

mucosal immunity

Question 43

In the cow, where are the majority of ketone bodies produced?

Answer 43

liver

Question 44

A sheep farmer has asked you to look at a flock of pregnant ewes in their last 2 weeks of gestation. They are displaying neurological signs, are anorexic and are weak. You have tested the urine and found ketouria. What is the most likely diagnosis for these ewes?

Answer 44

pregnancy toxaemia

Question 45

i. Accute inflammation is initiated by

Answer 45

macrophages

Question 46

ii. Binding of a immune cell iniciates

Answer 46

signalling cascade

Question 47

iii. What inflammatory chemicals dilate blood vessals

Answer 47

cytokines

Question 48

iv. Phase 1 of inflammation is the build up of

Answer 48

plasma fluid

Question 49

v. Phase 2 of inflammation uses the predominant cell type

Answer 49

neutrophils

Question 50

vi. Phase 3 of inflamation uses the predominant cell type

Answer 50

monocytes

Question 51

vii. White cells that have done their job are cleared away via the

Answer 51

lymphatic system

Question 52

viii. When the site is cleared of pathogens the immune cells produce

Answer 52

anti inflammatory mediators

Question 53

At tupping, what is the most appropriate body condition score for a ewe?

Answer 53

2.5

Question 54

the dominant hormones in the fasted state is

Answer 54

glucagon

Question 55

The process of cycling lactate and glucose between peripheral tissues and liver under anaerobic conditions is know as

Answer 55

the cori cycle

Question 56

The middle and caudal arteries of the rectum are supplied by which artery?

Answer 56

internal pudendal

Question 57

Mrs Tilmus has brought in Bingo, a 5 year-old male neutered greyhound who she suspects has eaten some ibuprofen. Give three questions that you want to ask Mrs Tilmus about the potential ibuprofen ingestion.

Answer 57

- how long ago was it eaten - how much do you think he has eaten - what clinical signs is he displaying/how is bingo - could he have eaten anything as well/where did he get the medication from - any other valid answer specific to intoxication (rather than standard history Qs)

Question 58

As part of your clinical exam, you decide to palpate Bingo's abdomen. Describe the technique to palpate the adbomen in a large dog [4 marks], and your expected findings in a normal and healthy patient. [4 marks]

Answer 58

**technique:** - patient standing - normally vet standing behind the patient/patient facing awa from you - apply both hands to the abdomen, holding them flat/not using fingertips - gentle pressure - sweep hands from crainal to caudal position - hands move in a ventral to dorsal motion - feel abdominal contents between fingers - superficial and deep palpation both required **Expected findings [maximum 4 marks]** In normal canine patient should not feel spleen, liver or pancreas (1 mark) May feel left kidney in some patients (0.5 mark) Patient should not flinch/show signs of discomfort (1 mark) Will feel edges of small intestines move between fingers (1 mark) May feel large colon if full with faeces (1 mark) May feel bladder if full (1 mark) May feel sense of fullness if stomach full (1 mark) Maximu 8 marks in tota;

Question 59

Give an example of an emetic used in dogs (drug ingredient, not brand name) [1 mark] and explain the neural pathway of this medication which induces vomiting. [3 marks]

Answer 59

apomorphine - centrally acting agent - D2 dopamine receptor agonsit - which stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone - response is recieved by the vomiting centre - emesis is induced

Question 60

what is the definition of diarrhea and why are bingo's stools black

Answer 60

- loose watery stool - stools are black due to digested blood from stomach

Question 61

What treatment could be given to Bingo as a gastric protectant to prevent further absorption of residual ibuprofen?

Answer 61

activated charcoal