formative Flashcards
regurgitation is typically a sign of disease affecting which organ
oesophagus
………… enables more efficient absorption of dietary lipid by acting as a detergent to create a small lipid droplets
bile
Primary contractions of the rumen-reticulum are stimulated by impulses transmitted via which nerve?
vagus
which tooth is indicated by the star
204
deficiency of this vitamin can cause neurological signs such as blindness, isolation, wandering and periodic backwards flexion of the neck in sheep
vitamin B12
this vitamin has a metabolic role with calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
this vitamin is interrelated with selenium
vitmain E
this vitamin is manufactured by the rumen microbes from cobalt
vitamin B12
this mineral is an important constituent of thyroid hormones
iodine
this mineral is an important constituent of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase
selenium
can impact copper balance significantly in ruminants
molybdenum
what is a product of glucose metabolism only under anaerobic conditions
lactate
Can be tested in the blood of cattle to indicate the presence of ketosis
beta-hydroxy butyrate
the dominant hormone in the fed state is:
insulin
Which cell type migrates in response to bacteria in the periodontal pocket, and is found in high numbers in the crevicular fluid during periodontal disease?
neutrophils
What is the infective stage of Eimeria parasites?
sporocyst
What do humans inadvertently ingest which results in a hydatid (Echinococcus) cyst infection?
food or water contaminated with echinocoocus eggs
how many taenial bands are present on the small colon of the horse
two
where does microbial digestion take place in the gastro-intestinal tract of the horse
in the caecum and colon
what is the mechanism of citrate when added to an oral rehydration fluid containing glucose
drives the sodium/glucose symporter in the mucosal cells
this egg was found in the feces of a dog. which parasite is it from
Dipylidium caninum
the tuberculin skin test detects which type of hypersensitivity reaction in cattle
type 4
what is the lifecycle of trichostrongylus species in sheep
A direct lifecycle and a pre-patent period of 16-21 days
what is the most appropriate diagnostic technique for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in snake feces
fecal smear and staining with acid fast stain
What is the most appropriate timing and volume of colostrum feeding in newborn calves (bodyweight 40kg)?
feeding 4L of colostrum within the first 6 hours of life
How does ruminant saliva differ from saliva produced by other species?
it has higher pH and higher concentrations of phosphate
which monogastric stomach cell produces, stores and releases pepsinogen
chief cells
which monogastric stomach cell is stimulated by the vagal nerve and peptides to release gastrin into the bloodstream
G cells
which monogastric stomach cell releases histamine for paracrine activity
enterochromaffin like cells
hydrogen and chloride ions are transported independently from this cell into the lumen
parietal cells
what cell releases somatostatin
delta cells
what cell secretes a viscous HCO3- mucus to balance the acidic environment
surface epithelial cells
the ………. nematode is known colloquiallt as the barber’s pole worm
haemonchus contortus
Which parasite lays eggs on the legs of a horse, is ingested via grooming and the migrated L3 attach to the mucosa along the margo plicatus?
gasterophilus
A farmer has asked you to visit as her group of 7 week old, recently weaned lambs are in very poor condition and 4 have died suddenly. It is June, and the remaining lambs have watery diarrhoea and are losing weight quickly.
What parasite is most likely to be affecting these lambs?
nematodirus battus
what is coated on the IgA molecule to protect it from secretary lumen enzymes
secretary component
A form of stored carbohydrate primarily stored in the liver and muscles
glycogen
A hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to increased blood sugar
insulin
A catabolic hormone which raises the concentration of glucose and fatty
acids
glucagon
Low density lipoproteins which consist of triglycerides, phosphlipids,
cholesterol and proteins
chylomicrons
The process that generates glucose from non carbohydrate substrates is known as
gluconeogenesis
Antigens delivered stystemically will not stimulate ………
mucosal immunity
In the cow, where are the majority of ketone bodies produced?
liver
A sheep farmer has asked you to look at a flock of pregnant ewes in their last 2 weeks of gestation. They are displaying neurological signs, are anorexic and are weak. You have tested the urine and found ketouria.
What is the most likely diagnosis for these ewes?
pregnancy toxaemia
i. Accute inflammation is initiated by
macrophages
ii. Binding of a immune cell iniciates
signalling cascade
iii. What inflammatory chemicals dilate blood vessals
cytokines
iv. Phase 1 of inflammation is the build up of
plasma fluid
v. Phase 2 of inflammation uses the predominant cell type
neutrophils
vi. Phase 3 of inflamation uses the predominant cell type
monocytes
vii. White cells that have done their job are cleared away via the
lymphatic system
viii. When the site is cleared of pathogens the immune cells produce
anti inflammatory mediators
At tupping, what is the most appropriate body condition score for a ewe?
2.5
the dominant hormones in the fasted state is
glucagon
The process of cycling lactate and glucose between peripheral tissues and liver under anaerobic conditions is know as
the cori cycle
The middle and caudal arteries of the rectum are supplied by which artery?
internal pudendal
Mrs Tilmus has brought in Bingo, a 5 year-old male neutered greyhound who she suspects has eaten some ibuprofen.
Give three questions that you want to ask Mrs Tilmus about the potential ibuprofen ingestion.
- how long ago was it eaten
- how much do you think he has eaten
- what clinical signs is he displaying/how is bingo
- could he have eaten anything as well/where did he get the medication from
- any other valid answer specific to intoxication (rather than standard history Qs)
As part of your clinical exam, you decide to palpate Bingo’s abdomen. Describe the technique to palpate the adbomen in a large dog [4 marks], and
your expected findings in a normal and healthy patient. [4 marks]
technique:
- patient standing
- normally vet standing behind the patient/patient facing awa from you
- apply both hands to the abdomen, holding them flat/not using fingertips
- gentle pressure
- sweep hands from crainal to caudal position
- hands move in a ventral to dorsal motion
- feel abdominal contents between fingers
- superficial and deep palpation both required
Expected findings [maximum 4 marks]
In normal canine patient should not feel spleen, liver or pancreas (1 mark)
May feel left kidney in some patients (0.5 mark)
Patient should not flinch/show signs of discomfort (1 mark)
Will feel edges of small intestines move between fingers (1 mark) May feel large colon if full with faeces (1 mark)
May feel bladder if full (1 mark)
May feel sense of fullness if stomach full (1 mark)
Maximu 8 marks in tota;
Give an example of an emetic used in dogs (drug ingredient, not brand name) [1 mark] and explain the neural pathway of this medication which induces vomiting. [3 marks]
apomorphine
- centrally acting agent
- D2 dopamine receptor agonsit
- which stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone
- response is recieved by the vomiting centre
- emesis is induced
what is the definition of diarrhea and why are bingo’s stools black
- loose watery stool
- stools are black due to digested blood from stomach
What treatment could be given to Bingo as a gastric protectant to prevent further absorption of residual ibuprofen?
activated charcoal
