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GIL 2 > formative > Flashcards

formative Flashcards

1
Q

regurgitation is typically a sign of disease affecting which organ

A

oesophagus

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2
Q

………… enables more efficient absorption of dietary lipid by acting as a detergent to create a small lipid droplets

A

bile

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3
Q

Primary contractions of the rumen-reticulum are stimulated by impulses transmitted via which nerve?

A

vagus

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4
Q

which tooth is indicated by the star

A

204

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5
Q

deficiency of this vitamin can cause neurological signs such as blindness, isolation, wandering and periodic backwards flexion of the neck in sheep

A

vitamin B12

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6
Q

this vitamin has a metabolic role with calcium and phosphorus

A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

this vitamin is interrelated with selenium

A

vitmain E

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8
Q

this vitamin is manufactured by the rumen microbes from cobalt

A

vitamin B12

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9
Q

this mineral is an important constituent of thyroid hormones

A

iodine

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10
Q

this mineral is an important constituent of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase

A

selenium

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11
Q

can impact copper balance significantly in ruminants

A

molybdenum

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12
Q

what is a product of glucose metabolism only under anaerobic conditions

A

lactate

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13
Q

Can be tested in the blood of cattle to indicate the presence of ketosis

A

beta-hydroxy butyrate

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14
Q

the dominant hormone in the fed state is:

A

insulin

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15
Q

Which cell type migrates in response to bacteria in the periodontal pocket, and is found in high numbers in the crevicular fluid during periodontal disease?

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the infective stage of Eimeria parasites?

A

sporocyst

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17
Q

What do humans inadvertently ingest which results in a hydatid (Echinococcus) cyst infection?

A

food or water contaminated with echinocoocus eggs

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18
Q

how many taenial bands are present on the small colon of the horse

A

two

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19
Q

where does microbial digestion take place in the gastro-intestinal tract of the horse

A

in the caecum and colon

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20
Q

what is the mechanism of citrate when added to an oral rehydration fluid containing glucose

A

drives the sodium/glucose symporter in the mucosal cells

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21
Q

this egg was found in the feces of a dog. which parasite is it from

A

Dipylidium caninum

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22
Q

the tuberculin skin test detects which type of hypersensitivity reaction in cattle

A

type 4

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23
Q

what is the lifecycle of trichostrongylus species in sheep

A

A direct lifecycle and a pre-patent period of 16-21 days

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24
Q

what is the most appropriate diagnostic technique for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in snake feces

A

fecal smear and staining with acid fast stain

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25
Q

What is the most appropriate timing and volume of colostrum feeding in newborn calves (bodyweight 40kg)?

A

feeding 4L of colostrum within the first 6 hours of life

26
Q

How does ruminant saliva differ from saliva produced by other species?

A

it has higher pH and higher concentrations of phosphate

27
Q

which monogastric stomach cell produces, stores and releases pepsinogen

A

chief cells

28
Q

which monogastric stomach cell is stimulated by the vagal nerve and peptides to release gastrin into the bloodstream

A

G cells

29
Q

which monogastric stomach cell releases histamine for paracrine activity

A

enterochromaffin like cells

30
Q

hydrogen and chloride ions are transported independently from this cell into the lumen

A

parietal cells

31
Q

what cell releases somatostatin

A

delta cells

32
Q

what cell secretes a viscous HCO3- mucus to balance the acidic environment

A

surface epithelial cells

33
Q

the ………. nematode is known colloquiallt as the barber’s pole worm

A

haemonchus contortus

34
Q

Which parasite lays eggs on the legs of a horse, is ingested via grooming and the migrated L3 attach to the mucosa along the margo plicatus?

A

gasterophilus

35
Q

A farmer has asked you to visit as her group of 7 week old, recently weaned lambs are in very poor condition and 4 have died suddenly. It is June, and the remaining lambs have watery diarrhoea and are losing weight quickly.
What parasite is most likely to be affecting these lambs?

A

nematodirus battus

36
Q

what is coated on the IgA molecule to protect it from secretary lumen enzymes

A

secretary component

37
Q

A form of stored carbohydrate primarily stored in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

38
Q

A hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to increased blood sugar

A

insulin

39
Q

A catabolic hormone which raises the concentration of glucose and fatty
acids

A

glucagon

40
Q

Low density lipoproteins which consist of triglycerides, phosphlipids,
cholesterol and proteins

A

chylomicrons

41
Q

The process that generates glucose from non carbohydrate substrates is known as

A

gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Antigens delivered stystemically will not stimulate ………

A

mucosal immunity

43
Q

In the cow, where are the majority of ketone bodies produced?

A

liver

44
Q

A sheep farmer has asked you to look at a flock of pregnant ewes in their last 2 weeks of gestation. They are displaying neurological signs, are anorexic and are weak. You have tested the urine and found ketouria.
What is the most likely diagnosis for these ewes?

A

pregnancy toxaemia

45
Q

i. Accute inflammation is initiated by

A

macrophages

46
Q

ii. Binding of a immune cell iniciates

A

signalling cascade

47
Q

iii. What inflammatory chemicals dilate blood vessals

A

cytokines

48
Q

iv. Phase 1 of inflammation is the build up of

A

plasma fluid

49
Q

v. Phase 2 of inflammation uses the predominant cell type

A

neutrophils

50
Q

vi. Phase 3 of inflamation uses the predominant cell type

A

monocytes

51
Q

vii. White cells that have done their job are cleared away via the

A

lymphatic system

52
Q

viii. When the site is cleared of pathogens the immune cells produce

A

anti inflammatory mediators

53
Q

At tupping, what is the most appropriate body condition score for a ewe?

A

2.5

54
Q

the dominant hormones in the fasted state is

A

glucagon

55
Q

The process of cycling lactate and glucose between peripheral tissues and liver under anaerobic conditions is know as

A

the cori cycle

56
Q

The middle and caudal arteries of the rectum are supplied by which artery?

A

internal pudendal

57
Q

Mrs Tilmus has brought in Bingo, a 5 year-old male neutered greyhound who she suspects has eaten some ibuprofen.
Give three questions that you want to ask Mrs Tilmus about the potential ibuprofen ingestion.

A
  • how long ago was it eaten
  • how much do you think he has eaten
  • what clinical signs is he displaying/how is bingo
  • could he have eaten anything as well/where did he get the medication from
  • any other valid answer specific to intoxication (rather than standard history Qs)
58
Q

As part of your clinical exam, you decide to palpate Bingo’s abdomen. Describe the technique to palpate the adbomen in a large dog [4 marks], and
your expected findings in a normal and healthy patient. [4 marks]

A

technique:
- patient standing
- normally vet standing behind the patient/patient facing awa from you
- apply both hands to the abdomen, holding them flat/not using fingertips
- gentle pressure
- sweep hands from crainal to caudal position
- hands move in a ventral to dorsal motion
- feel abdominal contents between fingers
- superficial and deep palpation both required
Expected findings [maximum 4 marks]
In normal canine patient should not feel spleen, liver or pancreas (1 mark)
May feel left kidney in some patients (0.5 mark)
Patient should not flinch/show signs of discomfort (1 mark)
Will feel edges of small intestines move between fingers (1 mark) May feel large colon if full with faeces (1 mark)
May feel bladder if full (1 mark)
May feel sense of fullness if stomach full (1 mark)
Maximu 8 marks in tota;

59
Q

Give an example of an emetic used in dogs (drug ingredient, not brand name) [1 mark] and explain the neural pathway of this medication which induces vomiting. [3 marks]

A

apomorphine
- centrally acting agent
- D2 dopamine receptor agonsit
- which stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone
- response is recieved by the vomiting centre
- emesis is induced

60
Q

what is the definition of diarrhea and why are bingo’s stools black

A
  • loose watery stool
  • stools are black due to digested blood from stomach
61
Q

What treatment could be given to Bingo as a gastric protectant to prevent further absorption of residual ibuprofen?

A

activated charcoal

GIL 2 (113 decks)

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