4. the problem bottom

Question 1

discuss dog fecal scoring. describe what each score would look like

Answer 1

Question 2

what is diarrhea

Answer 2

increased water content in feces resulting in loose, watery feces and frequent bowel movements

Question 3

what are the mechanisms involved in diarrhea

Answer 3

• increased secretion.
• Reduced absorption.
• Altered permeability.
• Altered motility.

Question 4

what is the difference between chronic and acute diarrhea

Answer 4

acute: present less than 7 days
chronic: present more than 2 weeks

Question 5

list possible causes for acute diarrhea

Answer 5

• acute pancreatitis
• liver disease
• kidney disease
• hypoadrenocorticism
• virus
• dietary indescretion
• toxin
• parasites
• IBS
• food intolerance
• colitis
• intussception
• foreign body

Question 6

list possible causes of chronic diarrhea`

Answer 6

• exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
• liver disease
• pancreatitis
• kidney disease
• addisons
• congestive heart failure
• infection (bac, viral, parasite)
• dietary intolerance
• antibiotics
• neoplasia
• obstruction (partial)

Question 7

what are the advantages and disadvantages of a nasogastric feeding tube

Answer 7

advantages:
- generally well tolerated by dogs
- suitable for short-term nutritional support
disadvantages:
- only short term
- could cause unconsciousness, vomiting, disease/ dysfunction of pharynx, larynx, nares, swallowing reflex, oesophagus and/ or stomach

Question 8

what are the advantages and disadvantages of esophageal feeding tubes

Answer 8

advantages:
- used in patients with facial trauma or ones that don’t tolerate nasogastric tubes well

disadvantages:
- infection
- airway obstruction
- damage to cervical nerves and blood vessels
- have to be placed while under GA

Question 9

what are the advantages and disadvantages of percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy tubes

Answer 9

advantgaes:
- well tolerated
- nutritional status improved
- can be used at home
- low incidence of complications
disadvantages:
- placed for long term nutritional support
- have to be placed while under GA

Question 10

what structures can be examined on a small animal rectal exam

Answer 10

• rectal wall
• anus
• anal sacs
• prostate in males

Question 11

what are anal glands and how do they get impactes

Answer 11

• small sacs bilaterally just inside the anus
• used for mrking territory
• normally emptied during bowel movement, as feces passes through anus get comrpessed
• loose and irregular stools can prevent glands from being naturally expressed and the fluid build up can cause inflammation and infections