anal atresia and hernias

Question 1

define artesia

Answer 1

a condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent.

Question 2

what is a hernia

Answer 2

internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall

Question 3

what is atresia ani

Answer 3

Atresia ani is the congenital condition in which calves are born with either a small opening or no opening at all at the anus due to a failure of the anal membrane to break down.
- leading to the inability to pass fecal material

Question 4

what is faecaloma/faecolith

Answer 4

severe hardened impation of feces

Question 5

what is stenosis

Answer 5

abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body

Question 6

what is tenesmus

Answer 6

straining to defecate

Question 7

what is meant by reducible hernia

Answer 7

hernia can be pushed back into the body wall upon gentle pressure.
if pressure is applied and the hernia doesnt go back in it is considered non-reducucible

Question 7

what is imperforate

Answer 7

having no opening or aperture. specifically : lacking the usual or normal opening

Question 7

what is a fistula

Answer 7

An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body

Question 8

what is a rectovaginal fistula

Answer 8

a connection that should not exist between the lower part of the large intestine — the rectum or anus — and the vagina

Question 9

the term inguinal canal refers to a slit like flat space between the ……… oblique muscle on one side and the pelvic tendon of the external oblique aponeurosis on the other side

Answer 9

internal

Question 10

in male, before or shortly after birth, the …….. pass through the inguinal canal in the descent towards the scrotum. if this process fails this is known as a retained testicle and the animal is referred to as ……….

Answer 10

testicles, cryptorchid

Question 11

does cryptorchid testes require treatment

Answer 11

no - unless specifically want to steralize. puts at risk of torsiono and testicular cancer.

Question 12

what anatomical structures are present in the inguinal canals in just males vs in both males and females

Answer 12

• spermatic chord in only males
• illioingiunal and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerves and external pudendal artery and vein in males and females

Question 13

atresia ani affects which species

Answer 13

mostly cows and dogs

Question 14

what are the clinical signs of atresia ani

Answer 14

• constipation
• tenesmus
• weight loss
• pot belly

Question 15

how longn does it take for atresia ani to develope

Answer 15

congenital

Question 16

how is atresia ani treated

Answer 16

surgical correction

Question 17

list and explain the types of atresia ani

Answer 17

Type I: A membrane over the anal opening remains, with the rectum ending as a blind pouch just cranial to the closed anus.
Type II: The anus is closed as in type I, but the rectal pouch is located somewhat cranial to the membrane overlying the anus.
Type III: The rectum ends as a blind pouch cranially within the pelvic canal (rectal atresia), whereas the terminal rectum and anus are normal.
Type IV: normal rectum and anum. proximal rectum ends as a blind ended pouch in the pelvic canal

Question 18

what is atresia coli

Answer 18

section of colon or large bowel is incomplete

Question 19

which species are effected by atresia coli

Answer 19

relatively common in large animals (calves and lambs)

Question 20

what are the clinical signs of atresia coli

Answer 20

• tenesmus
• abdominal pain and distention
• retention of feces
• absence of an anal opening

Question 21

how long does it take for atresia coli to develop

Answer 21

congenital

Question 22

how is atresia coli treated

Answer 22

surgical correction

Question 23

what is an inguinal/scrotal hernia

Answer 23

inguinal: Abdominal contents protrude into the groin, above the scrotum of male animals
OR if Scrotal: Abdominal contents protrude into the scrotum (the sac surrounding the testes) of male animals

Question 24

which species are commonly affected by inguinal/scrotal hernias

Answer 24

pigs, dogs and horses

Question 25

what are clinical signs of an inguinal/scrotal hernia

Answer 25

inguinal: mass protruding from inguinal region above scrotum or if scrotal, extra abdominal contents in scrotum making it look abnormally large
- strangulation of intestines can cause pain, acute colic and vomiting

Question 26

what is the time frame for inguinal/scrotal hernias

Answer 26

• can be congenital or present in older individuals with weaker abdominal walls.
• inguinal trama

Question 27

what is the treatment for inguinal/scrotal hernias

Answer 27

• castration is generally recommended in boars with inguinal hernia because of the heritable predisposition.
• surgical correction without castration may be requested.
• if no risk of strangulation, can be left but generally corrected at time of neuter

Question 28

what is an umbilical hernia

Answer 28

Abdominal contents protrude at the site of the navel; most often genetic but sometimes caused by strain on the umbilical cord during or after birth

Question 29

what species are affected by umbilical hernias

Answer 29

most

Question 30

clincial signs of umbilical hernia

Answer 30

mass protruding from umbilicus. strangulation of bowel may cause illness

Question 31

what is the time frame of an umbilical hernia

Answer 31

congenital or acquired (strain, age, injury, surgery

Question 32

what is the treatment for an umbilical hernia

Answer 32

in cats and dog if not extensive can be repaired at time of neutering if they are easily reducible

Question 33

what is a diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 33

abnormal opening of the diaphragm

Question 34

which species are affected by diaphragmatic hernias

Answer 34

any but often seen in dogs and cats in RTAs
uncommon in cattle

Question 35

what are the clinical signs of diaphragmatic hernias

Answer 35

vary, depending on extent, duration, precipitating events, and species affected. Dogs and cats are characteristically dyspneic in acute cases. The degree of dyspnea may vary from subclinical to life-threatening, depending on the amount of herniated viscera. If the stomach is herniated, it may bloat, and the animal’s condition may deteriorate rapidly. In chronic cases, systemic clinical signs such as weight loss may be more prominent than respiratory signs.

Physical examination findings may include absence of lung sounds or presence of gastrointestinal sounds on thoracic auscultation. Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is most frequently an incidental finding, although clinical signs may be related to the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems or due to compromised venous return to the heart.

Horses most frequently are presented for evaluation with acute, severe colic secondary to displaced intestines or with respiratory signs and dyspnea.

Question 36

what is the time frame of a diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 36

• most commonly seen in smallies after trauma (RTAs)
• can be congenital

Question 37

how is a diaphragmatic hernia treated

Answer 37

1. stabilization
2. supportive care
3. surgical correction

if congenital, most likely dont need any correction

Question 38

what is a perineal hernia

Answer 38

Perineal hernia is a failure of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, resulting in herniation of pelvic and/or abdominal viscera into the perineum

Question 39

what clinical signs would you expect of a dog with a perineal hernia

Answer 39

• perineal swelling, which is usually nonpainful
• constipation or obstipation
• tenesmus
• dyschezia
• stranguria/dysuria

happens most often in older male intact dogs