anal atresia and hernias Flashcards
define artesia
a condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent.
what is a hernia
internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall
what is atresia ani
Atresia ani is the congenital condition in which calves are born with either a small opening or no opening at all at the anus due to a failure of the anal membrane to break down.
- leading to the inability to pass fecal material
what is faecaloma/faecolith
severe hardened impation of feces
what is stenosis
abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body
what is tenesmus
straining to defecate
what is meant by reducible hernia
hernia can be pushed back into the body wall upon gentle pressure.
if pressure is applied and the hernia doesnt go back in it is considered non-reducucible
what is imperforate
having no opening or aperture. specifically : lacking the usual or normal opening
what is a fistula
An abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body
what is a rectovaginal fistula
a connection that should not exist between the lower part of the large intestine — the rectum or anus — and the vagina
the term inguinal canal refers to a slit like flat space between the ……… oblique muscle on one side and the pelvic tendon of the external oblique aponeurosis on the other side
internal
in male, before or shortly after birth, the …….. pass through the inguinal canal in the descent towards the scrotum. if this process fails this is known as a retained testicle and the animal is referred to as ……….
testicles, cryptorchid
what anatomical structures are present in the inguinal canals in just males vs in both males and females
- spermatic chord in only males
- illioingiunal and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerves and external pudendal artery and vein in males and females
atresia ani affects which species
mostly cows and dogs
what are the clinical signs of atresia ani
- constipation
- tenesmus
- weight loss
- pot belly
how longn does it take for atresia ani to develope
congenital
how is atresia ani treated
surgical correction
list and explain the types of atresia ani
Type I: A membrane over the anal opening remains, with the rectum ending as a blind pouch just cranial to the closed anus.
Type II: The anus is closed as in type I, but the rectal pouch is located somewhat cranial to the membrane overlying the anus.
Type III: The rectum ends as a blind pouch cranially within the pelvic canal (rectal atresia), whereas the terminal rectum and anus are normal.
Type IV: normal rectum and anum. proximal rectum ends as a blind ended pouch in the pelvic canal
what is atresia coli
section of colon or large bowel is incomplete
which species are effected by atresia coli
relatively common in large animals (calves and lambs)
what are the clinical signs of atresia coli
- tenesmus
- abdominal pain and distention
- retention of feces
- absence of an anal opening
how long does it take for atresia coli to develop
congenital
how is atresia coli treated
surgical correction
what is an inguinal/scrotal hernia
inguinal: Abdominal contents protrude into the groin, above the scrotum of male animals
OR if Scrotal: Abdominal contents protrude into the scrotum (the sac surrounding the testes) of male animals
which species are commonly affected by inguinal/scrotal hernias
pigs, dogs and horses
what are clinical signs of an inguinal/scrotal hernia
inguinal: mass protruding from inguinal region above scrotum or if scrotal, extra abdominal contents in scrotum making it look abnormally large
- strangulation of intestines can cause pain, acute colic and vomiting
what is the time frame for inguinal/scrotal hernias
- can be congenital or present in older individuals with weaker abdominal walls.
- inguinal trama
what is the treatment for inguinal/scrotal hernias
- castration is generally recommended in boars with inguinal hernia because of the heritable predisposition.
- surgical correction without castration may be requested.
- if no risk of strangulation, can be left but generally corrected at time of neuter
what is an umbilical hernia
Abdominal contents protrude at the site of the navel; most often genetic but sometimes caused by strain on the umbilical cord during or after birth
what species are affected by umbilical hernias
most
clincial signs of umbilical hernia
mass protruding from umbilicus. strangulation of bowel may cause illness
what is the time frame of an umbilical hernia
congenital or acquired (strain, age, injury, surgery
what is the treatment for an umbilical hernia
in cats and dog if not extensive can be repaired at time of neutering if they are easily reducible
what is a diaphragmatic hernia
abnormal opening of the diaphragm
which species are affected by diaphragmatic hernias
any but often seen in dogs and cats in RTAs
uncommon in cattle
what are the clinical signs of diaphragmatic hernias
vary, depending on extent, duration, precipitating events, and species affected. Dogs and cats are characteristically dyspneic in acute cases. The degree of dyspnea may vary from subclinical to life-threatening, depending on the amount of herniated viscera. If the stomach is herniated, it may bloat, and the animal’s condition may deteriorate rapidly. In chronic cases, systemic clinical signs such as weight loss may be more prominent than respiratory signs.
Physical examination findings may include absence of lung sounds or presence of gastrointestinal sounds on thoracic auscultation. Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is most frequently an incidental finding, although clinical signs may be related to the respiratory or gastrointestinal systems or due to compromised venous return to the heart.
Horses most frequently are presented for evaluation with acute, severe colic secondary to displaced intestines or with respiratory signs and dyspnea.
what is the time frame of a diaphragmatic hernia
- most commonly seen in smallies after trauma (RTAs)
- can be congenital
how is a diaphragmatic hernia treated
- stabilization
- supportive care
- surgical correction
if congenital, most likely dont need any correction
what is a perineal hernia
Perineal hernia is a failure of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, resulting in herniation of pelvic and/or abdominal viscera into the perineum
what clinical signs would you expect of a dog with a perineal hernia
- perineal swelling, which is usually nonpainful
- constipation or obstipation
- tenesmus
- dyschezia
- stranguria/dysuria
happens most often in older male intact dogs
