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GIL 2 > large intestinal function > Flashcards

large intestinal function Flashcards

1
Q

for carnivores, ruminants, horses and birds, describe the order of the digestive tract and where the bulk of digestion occurs

A
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2
Q

which large intestine belongs to which species

A
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3
Q

discuss where water is concentrated in the body

A
  • 60-70% body mass
  • intracellular (30-40%)
  • extracellular (20-40%)
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4
Q

give examples of extracellular fluid

A
  • plasma
  • lymph
  • interstitial
  • gastrointestinal
  • synovial
  • peritoneal
  • pleural
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

how much blood is in the body per kg

A

90-100 ml/kg

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7
Q

discuss water exchange in the GI tract

A
  • most of the water absorbed from the GIT has come from intestinal secretions
  • there is a continuous process of secretion and absorption of large volumes of fluid across the intestinal wall
  • most of the water is secreted in the proximal (small intestine) and absorbed both in the small and large intestine
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8
Q

what causes disorders in water exchange in the GIT

A

increases or decreases in secretion and absorption and by changes in motility

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9
Q

which changes of water exchange can cause diarrhea

A
  • decrese in absorption of water in the small intestine
  • increase in secretion
  • increased motility
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10
Q

which changes in GIT water exchange will cause constipation

A
  • increased absorptions
  • decreased secretions
  • decreased motility
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11
Q

fill out

A
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12
Q

define muscularis of intestine

A

muscle layer of intestine consisting of an inner circular muscular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis, which propels the food through the GI tract.

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13
Q

what is chyme

A

semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by an animals stomach

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14
Q

what is peristalsis

A
  • involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine creating wave like movements to push the contents forwards
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15
Q

what is anti-peristalsis

A

contractions of the intestine that force the contents in the opposite direction to the normal

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16
Q

what is segmentation

A

a muscular activity that divides and mixes the chyme by alternating between backward and forward movement of the GIT contents. predominently in the SI and LI

17
Q

define mass movements

A

the downhill movement of material under the force of gravity

18
Q

what are the muscular layers in the muscularis

A
  • inner circular layer
  • longitudinal outer muscualr layer
  • myenteric nerve plexus found between longitudinal and circular layers
19
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located

A

in between circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis

20
Q

what are the interstitial cells of cajal

A
  • pacemakers of the gut
  • within the tunica muscularis
  • mediators of enteric neurotransmission
21
Q

what type of muscle is in the intestinal tract

A

smooth muscle

22
Q

what do the red arrows point to

A
23
Q

what are the main types of motility in the caecum and colon

A

haustral contraction and mass movement

24
Q

where will you find the pelvic flexure in the horse

A

in the left half of the abdomin in contact with the abdominal wall and close to the pelvic inlet
- between left ventral colon and left dorsal colon

25
Q

describe the lcation of the sternal flexure in the horse

A

sits on the sternum in xiphoid region
- transition from left to right ventral colon

26
Q

where is the diaphragmatic flexure in the horse

A
  • between left dorsal and right dorsal colon
  • turns in caudal direction at level of diaphragm
27
Q

what effect does sympathetic stimulation have on motility ?

A
  • decreased peristalsis and gut motility
  • decreased secretions such as mucus
  • inhibition of gastrointestinal sphincters
28
Q

what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on motility ?

A
  • increases digestive productivity
  • increases gut motility
  • increases secretions
  • relaxation of sphincters
29
Q

outline the process involved in emptying the rectum

A
  • after the mass movements of the large intestine, the rectum becomes filled with faeces.
  • This stimulates pressure sensitive cells in the wall of the rectum and initiates the defeacation reflex.
  • reflex causes a forceful contraction of the rectum, and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.
30
Q

which species have voluntary control over emptying the rectum

A
  • carnivores
  • primates

not herbivores

31
Q

what are the products of microbial fermentation in the hundgut

A
  • volatine fatty acids
  • lactic acid
  • fructans (into fructose and lactic acid)
  • absorption of fatty acids is accompanied by absorption of water and electrolytes
  • carbohydrates make VFAs and lactic acid
32
Q

what are the benefits of microbial digestion

A
  • Up to half the fibre in grass cannot be digested in the horse without microbial digestion
  • The bacteria synthesise essential amino acids
  • Microbial digestion produces water soluble B and K vitamins
  • Rabbits and rats are coprophagic to increase their intake of protein (amino acids) and B vitamins
33
Q

list factors important in hind gut digestion

A
  • Type of bacteria (lactobacillus, streptococci)
  • Correct pH 5-6 (BIC and Na buffers from small intestine)
  • Anaerobic environment
  • Fluid movement
  • Retention of food - up to 65 hours
34
Q

where foes microbial digestion occur in the horse

A

caecum and ventral colon

35
Q

where does microbial digestion occur in the rabbit

A

caecum

36
Q

how important is the large intestine in the horse

A
  • 30% protein digested and absorbed
  • 15-30% soluble carbohydrate digested and absorbed
  • 75-85% structural carbohydrate (cellulose) digested and absorbed
  • Most of the electrolytes absorbed
  • 90% of water absorbed
37
Q

infrequent feeds for horses will cause what chemical changes

A
  • decrease pH
  • increase lactate
  • massive influx of water rather than continuous low level
38
Q

changhes in bacterial flora of the equine LI leads to:

A
  • enteritis
  • colitis
  • laminitis
39
Q

changes to water balance in the equine LI leads to

A

impactions

GIL 2 (69 decks)

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