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GIL 2 > large intestine anatomy and histology > Flashcards

large intestine anatomy and histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 general divisions of the lrge intestine

A
  • caecum
  • colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
  • rectum
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2
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine

A
  • hindgut fermentations (horses and rabbits)
  • microbial enzymes digesting remaining CHO and proteins from SI
  • major site of water absorption and ion balance
  • feces production
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3
Q

describe the species differences of the large intestine

A
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4
Q

list histological differences between different segemtns of the intestines

A
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5
Q

what major histological difference identifies the large intestine from small

A
  • no villie
  • villie replaced by mucus cells
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6
Q

describe the histological appearance of the large intestine

A
  • microscopic anatomy of caecum, colon and rectum all very similar
  • same 4 tunics as small (tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa)
  • no villi
  • only crypts (tubular mucus glands) which are deeper than in small intestine
  • no enzymes
  • numerus goblet cells (density rectum>colon>caecum)
  • variable lymphoid tissue within mucosa and submuscoa (GALT)
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7
Q

what features histologically of the large intestine relate to function

A
  • more goblet cells as need to produce mucus (chyme is drier here)
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8
Q

describe blood supply to the large intestine

A
  • crainial mesenteric artery (does everything from duodenum to descending colon)
  • caudal mesenteric artery = descending colon and most of rectum
  • internal pudendal artery does caudal part of rectum
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9
Q

most veins from the large intestine drain into ……..

A

hepatic portal vein

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10
Q

veins of the caudal rectum and anal region drain into ……..

A

caudal vena cava

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11
Q

describe innervation to the large intestine

A

smooth muscle controled by ENS
- submucosal layer = submucossal plexus (meissners)
- mucosal layer = myenteric (auerbachs) plexus
- plexi are connected to the CNS by fine netwrok of nerve fibres

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12
Q

describe the caecum

A
  • large blind viscus in herbivores
  • small in carnivores
  • only rabbits have appendix
  • well developed in hind gut fermenters
  • birds hav TWO
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13
Q

where will you find the caecum in the abdomen

A

right side (except in pigs left)

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14
Q

what is the role of the caecum

A
  • blind ending sac with 2 muscular valves controlling entry and exit of ingesta
  • major site for microbial digestion of cellulose and absorption of water and electrolytes (esp in horses)
    -source of bacteria for repopulating GIT after illness
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15
Q

compare the caecum in dogs vs cats

A
  • cats have smaller caecum as they are obligate carnivores
  • dog = short and spiral shaped
  • cat = comma shaped
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16
Q

describe the caecum in bovidae

A
  • relatively small
  • has no taenia or haustra
  • no clear junction between caecum and ascending colon
17
Q

describe the caecum in the pig

A
  • cylindrical blind sac laying on the left half of the abdomen with its apex pointing caudoventrally
  • has 3 taenia (lateral, medial, ventral)
18
Q

describe the caecum in the horse

A
  • huge (30 L, 1m long)
  • has a base (dorsally located), a body and a blind ending apex pointing vranioventrally (close to xiphoid on ventral abdo floor)
19
Q

what are taenia

A
  • visible bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibres on the external surface
20
Q

what are haustra

A

sacculations caused by muscle activity , there fore dynamic not fixed

21
Q

how many taenia does the horse caecum have

A

4
medial, lateral, dorsal and ventral

22
Q

discuss the caecal valves of the horse

A
  • equidae are unique in that the ileum discharges into the caecum whereas other animals the ileal ingesta goes into the ascending colon
  • ileocaecal valve at base of caecum raised as papillae
  • caecocolic valve is slit like valve
23
Q

what are the segments of the carnivore colon

A
  1. ascending
  2. transverse
  3. descending
24
Q

discuss the ruminant colon

A
  • long ascending colon with 2 sigmoid flexures and a double spiralled area
  • short transverse colon followed by straight descending colon
25
Q

describe the colon of the pig

A
  • big cone shaped and coiled ascending colon
  • base attached to left abdominal roof
  • apex points ventrally
  • ## two taeniae and two rows of haustra (sacs)
26
Q

describe the colon of the horse

A

from caecum:
1. right ventral colon
2. left ventral colon
3. left dorsal colon
4. right dorsal colon
5. transverse colon
6. descending colon

long ascending (two U shapes laying on top of eachother), short transverse, long descending

27
Q

describe the taenial bands of the equine colon and why its useful to know

A
  • caecum has 4
  • right and left VENTRAL colon have 4
  • left dorsal colon = 1 taenia returning to 3
  • right dorsal colon = 3 taenia
  • transverse and descending = 2 taenia

aids in identifying segments

GIL 2 (69 decks)

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