farm animal nutrition prac

Question 1

name 3 varieties of pasture forage and their benefit

Answer 1

grass:: common
clover: higher in protein
turnips and swedes: fed in the winter when the grass growing season is over

Question 2

name conserved forages

Answer 2

• grass silage
• haylage
• straw
• maize
• whole crop
• hay

Question 3

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 3

Grass silage is grass which has undergone an anaerobic fermentation to preserve it. Containing moderate energy & protein, high fibre. Stored as a round bale or clamp. Very common

Question 4

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 4

Haylage is similar to (round bale) silage, however the grass is allowed to dry to a greater extent before it is ensiled. A common horse feed; it can also be fed to ruminants.

Question 5

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 5

Straw is the stem of cereal plants. Typically, wheat, barley or oat. Containing low energy & protein, & high fibre. Variety of bale sizes. Very common

Question 6

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 6

Maize silage is made from the (chopped up) maize plant. Containing moderate-high energy, low protein, & moderate fibre. Clamp stored and common.

Question 7

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 7

Whole crop silage is made from the whole cereal plant, cut whilst the plant is still green. Typically, wheat, barley or oat. Contains moderate energy & protein, & high fibre. Clamp stored but less common.

Question 8

name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits

Answer 8

Hay is grass which has been sun dried to preserve it. Containing moderate-low energy & protein, high fibre. Variety of bale sizes. Very common.

Question 9

what are straights

Answer 9

is the term used to describe the raw feed ingredients (or commodity products).
- many straights are by-products of human food production, availability depends on local production

Question 10

Answer 10

Oats are a common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. Contain high energy, moderate protein & fibre.

Question 11

Answer 11

Oat feed is a by-product of oat manufacturing e.g. porridge and breakfast cereals. Contains low energy & protein, high fibre.

Question 12

Answer 12

Wheat is a widely grown and very common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal, crimped or caustic treated (see barley). High energy, moderate protein & low fibre.

Question 13

Answer 13

Barley is a widely grown and common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. High energy, moderate protein, low fibre.

Question 14

Answer 14

Caustic treated wheat is mixed with carefully controlled quantities of sodium hydroxide. This degrades the out husk and makes the starch more available for digestion.

Question 15

Answer 15

Maize grain is a widely grown and common cereal. Similar to other grains it can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. Contains high energy, low protein & fibre.

Question 16

Answer 16

Root crops like potatoes, carrots, parsnips and fodder beet can be used as animal feed. They can be fed whole (to adult cattle) or chopped. Containing moderate energy, protein & fibre.

Question 17

Answer 17

Citrus pulp is a by-product of pressing citrus fruit. Can be wet or dried and pelleted. Contains moderate energy, low protein, moderate fibre.

Question 18

Answer 18

Cocoa-residue is a by-product of manufacturing using cocoa beans. Containing low energy & protein, moderate fibre.

Question 19

Answer 19

Cotton seed meal is a by-product of oil extraction from cotton seeds (once the fibre has been removed). Containing moderate energy, high protein, moderate fibre

Question 20

Answer 20

Distillers grains are a by-product of alcohol distilling e.g malt whiskey. Containing moderate energy, high protein & fibre.

Question 21

Answer 21

Palm kernel meal by-product of oil manufacture from palm kernels. Usually supplied as a meal. High energy, moderate protein, high fibre.

Question 22

Answer 22

Apple pomace is by-product of pressing apples (juice or cider). Available wet or dried. Low-moderate energy, low protein & high fibre.

Question 23

Answer 23

Rape seed meal is a by-product of oil manufacture from rape seed. Supplied as a meal. Contains high energy & protein, moderate fibre.

Question 24

Answer 24

Soya bean meal is a by-product of oil manufacture from soya beans. Supplied as a meal or pellets. High energy & protein, low fibre.

Question 25

Answer 25

Linseed meal is a by-product of oil extraction from linseed. Containing high energy, protein, moderate fibre.

Question 26

Answer 26

Brewer’s grains are a by-product of brewing (what is left of the grain used). They can be fed wet or dried. Containing moderate energy, high protein, moderate fibre.

Question 27

Answer 27

Molasses is a by-product of sugar refining from sugar cane. It is a thick, sticky, black liquid. High energy, low protein & fibre. Very palatable, often added to other feeds to improve their palatability.

Question 28

Answer 28

Fats are often added to animal feeds for their very high energy content. They can be non-specific or specific to meet nutritional requirements. They contain zero protein and fibre.

Question 29

Answer 29

Maize gluten feed is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch, supplied as a dried meal, usually pelleted. Containing high energy, moderate protein, & moderate-high fibre.

Question 30

Answer 30

Maize gluten meal is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch. Supplied as a dried meal. Contains high energy & protein, low fibre.

Question 31

Answer 31

Sunflower meal is a by-product of oil extraction from sunflower seeds. Supplied as a pellet. Contains low energy, high protein & fibre.

Question 32

Answer 32

Soya hulls are a by-product of dehulling soya beans used for other purposes. Containing moderate energy, low protein & high fibre.

Question 33

what us compound feed

Answer 33

a mixture of various concentrate feed ingredients in suitable proportions - formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal - may also include premixes which may also be sold serparately (vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives)

Question 34

name these compounds by their size

Answer 34