farm animal nutrition prac Flashcards
name 3 varieties of pasture forage and their benefit
grass:: common
clover: higher in protein
turnips and swedes: fed in the winter when the grass growing season is over
name conserved forages
- grass silage
- haylage
- straw
- maize
- whole crop
- hay
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Grass silage is grass which has undergone an anaerobic fermentation to preserve it. Containing moderate energy & protein, high fibre. Stored as a round bale or clamp. Very common
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Haylage is similar to (round bale) silage, however the grass is allowed to dry to a greater extent before it is ensiled. A common horse feed; it can also be fed to ruminants.
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Straw is the stem of cereal plants. Typically, wheat, barley or oat. Containing low energy & protein, & high fibre. Variety of bale sizes. Very common
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Maize silage is made from the (chopped up) maize plant. Containing moderate-high energy, low protein, & moderate fibre. Clamp stored and common.
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Whole crop silage is made from the whole cereal plant, cut whilst the plant is still green. Typically, wheat, barley or oat. Contains moderate energy & protein, & high fibre. Clamp stored but less common.
name the conserved forage, how its made and the benefits
Hay is grass which has been sun dried to preserve it. Containing moderate-low energy & protein, high fibre. Variety of bale sizes. Very common.
what are straights
is the term used to describe the raw feed ingredients (or commodity products).
- many straights are by-products of human food production, availability depends on local production
Oats are a common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. Contain high energy, moderate protein & fibre.
Oat feed is a by-product of oat manufacturing e.g. porridge and breakfast cereals. Contains low energy & protein, high fibre.
Wheat is a widely grown and very common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal, crimped or caustic treated (see barley). High energy, moderate protein & low fibre.
Barley is a widely grown and common cereal. Can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. High energy, moderate protein, low fibre.
Caustic treated wheat is mixed with carefully controlled quantities of sodium hydroxide. This degrades the out husk and makes the starch more available for digestion.
Maize grain is a widely grown and common cereal. Similar to other grains it can be fed whole, rolled, flaked, as a meal or crimped. Contains high energy, low protein & fibre.
Root crops like potatoes, carrots, parsnips and fodder beet can be used as animal feed. They can be fed whole (to adult cattle) or chopped. Containing moderate energy, protein & fibre.
Citrus pulp is a by-product of pressing citrus fruit. Can be wet or dried and pelleted. Contains moderate energy, low protein, moderate fibre.
Cocoa-residue is a by-product of manufacturing using cocoa beans. Containing low energy & protein, moderate fibre.
Cotton seed meal is a by-product of oil extraction from cotton seeds (once the fibre has been removed). Containing moderate energy, high protein, moderate fibre
Distillers grains are a by-product of alcohol distilling e.g malt whiskey. Containing moderate energy, high protein & fibre.
Palm kernel meal by-product of oil manufacture from palm kernels. Usually supplied as a meal. High energy, moderate protein, high fibre.
Apple pomace is by-product of pressing apples (juice or cider). Available wet or dried. Low-moderate energy, low protein & high fibre.
Rape seed meal is a by-product of oil manufacture from rape seed. Supplied as a meal. Contains high energy & protein, moderate fibre.
Soya bean meal is a by-product of oil manufacture from soya beans. Supplied as a meal or pellets. High energy & protein, low fibre.
Linseed meal is a by-product of oil extraction from linseed. Containing high energy, protein, moderate fibre.
Brewer’s grains are a by-product of brewing (what is left of the grain used). They can be fed wet or dried. Containing moderate energy, high protein, moderate fibre.
Molasses is a by-product of sugar refining from sugar cane. It is a thick, sticky, black liquid. High energy, low protein & fibre. Very palatable, often added to other feeds to improve their palatability.
Fats are often added to animal feeds for their very high energy content. They can be non-specific or specific to meet nutritional requirements. They contain zero protein and fibre.
Maize gluten feed is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch, supplied as a dried meal, usually pelleted. Containing high energy, moderate protein, & moderate-high fibre.
Maize gluten meal is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch. Supplied as a dried meal. Contains high energy & protein, low fibre.
Sunflower meal is a by-product of oil extraction from sunflower seeds. Supplied as a pellet. Contains low energy, high protein & fibre.
Soya hulls are a by-product of dehulling soya beans used for other purposes. Containing moderate energy, low protein & high fibre.
name these compounds by their size
