liver, pancreas and abdominal wall prac

Question 1

what structures lie within the liver shadow (US)

Answer 1

• hepatic parenchyma (liver tissue should be homogenous)
• hepatic vessels
• caudal vena cava
• gallbladder (anechoic)
• bilary tree
• diaphragm
• stomach
• duodenum

Question 2

what goes through the inguinal canal

Answer 2

• spermatic cord
• external pudendal artery and vein
• genitofemoral nerve
• lymphatics
• testicles
• round ligament of uterus

Question 3

where will you find the inguinal canal

Answer 3

• bilateral
• deep ring = opening in transversalis cranial and medial to iliopubic eminence
• superficial ring = external oblique muscle just above inguinal ligament

Question 4

in which direction do the internal oblique muscle fibres run

Answer 4

ventrocranially

Question 5

in which direction do the external oblique muscle fibres run

Answer 5

caudoventrally

Question 6

what structures will you find on the diaphragmatic surface of the diaphragm

Answer 6

• right triangular ligament
• coronary ligament
• left triangular ligament
• single caudal vena cava and multiple hepatic veins
• falciform ligament

Question 7

what structures will you find on the visceral surface of the liver

Answer 7

• origin of the lesser omentum
• papillary process
• renal fossa for right kidney
• hepatic artery
• hepatic portal vein

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

label

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

what is the function of the external abdominal oblique muscle

Answer 12

• compression of abdomin
• flexion
• rotation
• stabilization

Question 13

what is the linea alba

Answer 13

• fibrous tissue
• aponeruotic joining of left nd right abdominal oblique and transversus muscles
• extends xiphoid to pubis
• includes umbilicus
• no vasculature or nerves = good spot to make incision

Question 14

what is aponeurosis

Answer 14

broad, flat sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that functions similarly to a tendon. It serves as an attachment point for muscles, allowing them to connect to each other or to bones
examples:
- linea alba

Question 15

what is the inguinal ring for

Answer 15

passage of structures between the abdominal cavity and the external genitalia or mammary regions.

Question 16

which muscles are involved in forming the inguinal ring

Answer 16

• transversalis and internal oblique = deep ring
• external oblique = superficial

Question 17

which artery goes through the inguinal ring

Answer 17

pudendal

Question 18

which arteries supply the superficial ventral abdominal wall including the mammary glands

Answer 18

• cranial and caudal superficial epigastric artery

Question 19

what is visceral peritoneum

Answer 19

perineum that covers the organs

Question 20

what is the falciform ligament

Answer 20

• broad thin fold of peritoneum that attaches liver to ventral abdominal wall and diaphragm

Question 21

what are the major functions of the spleen

Answer 21

• immune (lymphocyte nd antibody production)
• red blood cell and platelet storage
• blood filtration
• erythrocyte destruction
• iron metabolism

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

where is the pancreas located

Answer 23

adjacent to the duodenum and dorsal to the stomach
- caudal end extends towards the junction of the duodenum and jejunum

Question 24

between which lobes of the liver will you find the gall bladder

Answer 24

between right medial lobe (right side of it) and quadrate lobe

Question 25

what structures attch to the prepubic tendon

Answer 25

- rectus abdominus muscle

Question 26

what are the layers of the lateral abdomin

Answer 26

1. skin 2. externa fascia of trunk and cutaneous trunci muscle 3. external abdominal oblique 4. internal abdominal oblique 5. transversus abdominus 6. internal fascia of trunk and peritoneum

Question 27

list the muscle layers of the abdominal wall ventral aspect

Answer 27

- external abdominal oblique - internal abdominal oblique - tenasversus abdominis - rectus abdominis

Question 28

in which direction do fibres of the transversus abdominus run

Answer 28

dorsoventrally

Question 29

in which direction do fibres of the rectus abdominis run

Answer 29

craniocaudally along ventral abdomen

Question 30

which muscles insert into the linea alba

Answer 30

- internal and external obliques - transverse

Question 31

which structure does the rectus abdominis muscle insert

Answer 31

prepubic tendon and bubic bone

Question 32

discuss the peritoneum

Answer 32

- serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity - parietal, visceral and connecting (to form mesentery) sections - sac between the different sections = peritoneal cavity - excrete and resorb fluid and resorb gas

Question 33

what is the rectus sheath

Answer 33

- tendinous sheath which encloses the rectus abdominus muscle - formed by the aponeuroses of the other abdominal muscles

Question 34

why is left flank approach to sx in ruminants preferred

Answer 34

rumen so big it keeps everything from falling out

Question 35

describe the regions of the inguinal canal

Answer 35

- superficial and deep inguinal rings - suoperficial ring is between 2 tendons of the external abdominal oblique - deep is on caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique

Question 36

describe the innervation of the abdominal wall

Answer 36

ventral branches of the thoracic and lumbar nerves - T 13 - L1 - L2 dorsal branch feeds dorsal trunk (skin and muscles of back) ventral ramus feeds ventral trunk - muscles and deep strucures are supplied by ventral rami - nerves pass obliquely in a caudal direction

Question 37

discuss the vasculature of the abdominal wall

Answer 37

- cranial region = internal thoracic artery and cranial epigastric artery (branch of brachiocephalic trunk) - diaphragm = phrenicoabdominal artery (branch of abdominal aorta) - cauda region = caudal epigastric artery and external pudendal artery (branch of external iliac artery)