PPG (3rd Grading) INC Flashcards
activity or process through which groups reach and enforce binding decisions.
Politics/(Hague & Harrop 2013)
set of activities that organizes individuals, systematically resolves disputes, and maintains order in society through creation and enforcement of rules and government policy.
Politics (Barrington et al. 2010)
activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the Good Society.
Politics (Aristotle in Heywood 2007)
Branches of the gorvernment
Executive Branch - Tagapamahala (carries out law)
Legislative branch - Tagagawa ng batas (Makes law)
Judicial Branch - Tagalitis (evaluates law)
Tagapamahala
Executive Branch
Tagagawa ng Batas
Legislative Branch
Tagalitis
Judicial
Politics is viewed as an art or
practical application of knowledge
for attaining a particular objective.
Considered as the classical
definition of politics: the art of
government or exercise of control
in society through making and
enforcement of collective or group
decisions.
Politics as the art of government
Where was the view “Politics as the art of
government” developed?
Ancient Greece
What does polis mean?
City-State
The distinction between public and private conforms to the division between the state and civil society. The institutions of the state (the government offices, departments and agencies) can be regarded as ‘public’ because they are responsible for the collective organization of community life. Moreover, they are
funded at the public’s expense through taxation. In contrast, civil society consists of institutions such as private businesses, trade unions, clubs, community groups and so on that are ‘private’ in the sense that they are set up and funded by individual citizens to
satisfy their own interests, rather than those of the larger society.
Politics as public affairs
politics focuses on the way how decisions are made. Politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict: that is, by compromise, conciliation and negotiation, rather than through the use of force and naked power. This is anchored on the perspective that society is characterized by consensus and not by irreconcilable conflict.
Politics as compromise and consensus
sees politics as something that is present in all
social activities, at every level of social interaction; it can be found within our families and amongst our small groups of friends just as much as amongst nations and on the international or global stage.
Politics as power
Types of Power
- Coercive Power
- Reward Power
- Legitimate Power
- Referent Power
- Expert Power
- Information Power
is a group of people who rule or run
the administration of a country.
Government
is the body of
representatives that governs and controls the state
at a given time.
Government
the medium through
which the power of the state is employed.
Government
is the act of governing or ruling.
It is the set of rules and laws framed by the
government that are to implemented through the
representatives of the state.
Governance
Indicators
of Good
Governance
(1) Participatory
(2) Rule of Law
(3) Effective and Efficient
(4) Transparent
(5) Responsive
(6) Equitable and Inclusive
(7) Consensus Oriented
(8) Accountability
Good governance necessarily requires
participation of the different sectors of society.
_________ means active involvement of all
concerned and interested sectors in the
decision-making process. It requires an enabling
environment.
Participatory
`requires that the people
give habitual obedience to the law. The government
acts within the limits of the powers and functions
prescribed by the law. Under this indicator, laws
should be responsive to the needs of the society.
Rule of Law
Good governance requires that the institutions,
processes, and actors deliver and meet the needs of
society in a way that available resources are used
well. Service delivery in public sector, especially of
front-line agencies, must promptly and adequately
serve the needs of the citizens instituting simplified
government procedures and inexpensive
transaction costs.
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY
people can access
information regarding decision making process and
the implementation of decisions. Information on
matters of public concern are made available to the
citizens or those who will be directly affected
Transparency
that institutions and
processes should serve all the stakeholders in
timely and appropriate way. Interests of all
citizens must be well protected in a prompt and
appropriate manner so that each of them can
appreciate and take part in the process of
governance.
Responsiveness
that all members
of society, especially the most vulnerable ones must
be taken into consideration. Everyone has a stake in
society; no one should feel alienated from it. Those
who have less in life should have more in law. Good
governance demands that the actors must give
preferential treatment to the conditions of the
poor.
Equity and inclusiveness
decisions are made after taking into consideration
the different perspectives. A procedure for conflict
resolution must be in place because it is possible
that conflict will arise from competing interests of
the actors.
consensus oriented
to answerability or
responsibility for one’s action, based on the
principle that each person or group is responsible
for their actions most especially when their acts
affect public interest. Actors have an obligation to
explain and be answerable for the consequences of
decisions and actions they have made on behalf of
the society it serves.
Accountability
is the ability to achieve a desired
outcome and is sometimes seen as
the ‘power to’ do something.
Power (Heywood [2007])
usually
thought of as a relationship: the
ability to influence the behaviour
of others or having ‘power over’
people and the ability to punish or
reward.
Power
Dimensions or
Faces of Power
Power as Agenda Setting
Power as Decision-Making
Power as Thought Control
It is the ability to prevent decisions being made: that
is, in effect, ‘non-decision-making’. This according to
him involves the ability to set or control the political
agenda, thereby preventing issues or proposals from
being aired in the first place.
Power as Agenda Setting
The implication of this view of power is that the most
powerful actors in society are those whose opinion are
considered and upheld in the decision making. The
powerful are able to get what they want and make
others behave the way they wanted them to.
Power as Decision-Making
is the ability to influence another by shaping
what he or she thinks, wants, or needs. This is power
expressed as ideological indoctrination or psychological
control.
Power as Thought Control
Types of Power
Reward power
Coercive power
Legitimate power
Expert power
Referent power
The target person complies in order to obtain rewards he or
she believes are controlled by the agent
Reward power
The target person complies in order to avoid punishments
he or she believes are controlled by the agent.
Coercive power
The target person complies because he or she believes the
agent has the right to make the request and the target
person has the obligation to comply.
Legitimate power
The target person complies because he or she believes that
the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do
something.
Expert power
The target person complies because he or she admires or
identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agent’s
approval.
Referent power
Consequences of
Power
- Compliance means readiness or act of agreeing
to do something. - It is perceived as loyalty or a sense of dedication
or devotion. Commitment is most likely to be the
consequence when the powers used are referent
and expert - Resistance means to refuse or to oppose. It is
the most likely outcome when coercive power is
used in a hostile or manipulative way. (Yukl 1989)
community of nations more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.
State [According to De Leon (2009), as stated by Liao (2014)]
Element of a state
PEOPLE
TERRITORY
SOVEREIGNTY
GOVERNMENT
Is the organization of human beings living together as a community.
PEOPLE
Refers to the territorial domains over which the state exercises control or sovereignty which includes all the land, sea and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction.
TERRITORY
Ways to claim teritory
- Discovery
- Conquest
- Cession
- Accretion
Ito ang pinakalumang paraan ng pagkuha ng teritoryo.
- Discovery
Ito ang pagkuha ng teritoryo gamit ang pwersang militar o madugong labanan.
- Conquest
Nagaganap ito kapag nagkasundo ang dalawang estado kung saan ang isang estado ay magbibigay ng kanyang teritoryo sa isa pang estado.
- Cession
Ito ay pagkakaroon ng karagdagang teritoryo dahil sa geologic at geographic
- Accretion
It is the power of the state to enforce the law over its people within its jurisdiction and demand obedience from them.
SOVEREIGNTY
Types of SOVEREIGNTY
- Internal Sovereignty -
- External Sovereignty -
the power of the state to command authority within its jurisdiction.
Internal Sovereignty -
the power and freedom of the state to carry out its activities without foreign domination or control.
- External Sovereignty -
Is an agency to which the political ideology of the
state is expressed and carried out.
GOVERNMENT
a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory
Nation
Nagsimula ang pamamahala ng americano
August 14 1898
Tumayong commander in chief ng pilipinas
William mckinley
Noong panahon ng amerikano napasailalim ang pilipinas sa _________________
Military government
3 military governors
Wesley merrit
Elwell Otis
Arthur MacArthur
Nagwakas ang Military Government sa Pilipinas at napalitan ng Civil Government sa bisa ng Spooner Amendment.
March 1901-
ang pinakaunang Philippine Commission sa ating bansa.
Schurman Commission-
nag-iimbistiga sila kung ano ang dapat gawin upang mas maging epektibong mapamunuan ng mga Amerikano ang ating bansa.
Fact Finding group
ang kauna-unahang Chief Justice ng Pilipinas.
Cayetano Arellano-
Naipasa ang Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Act)
July 1. 1902-
Ano ang Dalawang pangunahing Partylist
- Nationalistas-
- Progresistas-
humihingi ng immediate freedom para sa mga Pilipino upang makalaya sa mga Amerikano.
- Nationalistas
humihingi tayo na maging state ang Pilipinas ng Amerika o maging bahagi ng Amerika.
Progresistas-
Philippine Autonomy Act o Jones Law
1916-
- mapapalitan ang Philippine Commision ng senado na binubuo lamang ng mga Pilipino.
Jones Law-
naipasa ang Philippine Independence Act o Tydings-Mcduffie
1935-
- Pres. Manuel L Quezon- paghahanda sa mga Pilipino para sa kanilang napipintog na paglaya.
Commonwealth Government
itinatatag ng mga Hapones ang Philippine Executive Commission.
January 3, 1942-
Puppet Government or Second Republic of the Philippines.
Pres. Jose P Laurel-
nagwakas ang Puppet Government
August 17, 1945-
