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UNIT 5 GI > P4 PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

P4 PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

chronic malabsorption causes

A

weight loss , anorexia , abdominal distension , muscle wasting

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2
Q

Inadequate absorption of vitamins and minerals lead to

A

Anaemia

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3
Q

Vitamin K deficiency causes

A

bleeding

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4
Q

Calcium , magnesium and vitamin D deficiency causes

A

osteopenia & tetany

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5
Q

Vitamin A , B12 deficiency causes

A

neuropathy

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6
Q

Steatorrhea is characterised by

A

greasy , yellow / clay coloured
bulky , frothy stools

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7
Q

most common chronic malabsoptive disorders

A

Celiac disease
Pancreatic insufficiency
Crohn disease

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8
Q

mention the 4 phases of nutrient absorption

A

1- Intraluminal digestion
2- terminal digestion
3- transepithelial transport
4- lymphatic transport

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9
Q

explain the intraluminal digestion phase

A

carb , fat , proteins get broken down to absorbable forms

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10
Q

explain the terminal digestion

A

Hydrolysis of carbs & peptides in the brush border of small intestinal mucosa

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11
Q

Carbohydrates get hydrolysed by

A

Disaccharides

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12
Q

Peptides get hydrolysed by

A

peptidases

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13
Q

explain the transepithelial transport

A

Nutrients , fluids , electrolytes get transported across the intestinal epithelium

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14
Q

in lymphatic transport ,
what is getting transported

A

absorbed lipids

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15
Q

genetic predisposition of cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive

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16
Q

Cystic fibrosis is due to mutation in which gene

A

CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

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17
Q

main defect in CF is in what ion transport

A

Chloride ion transport

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18
Q

Defect in chloride transport results in

A

high salt concentration in sweat & luminal secretions

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19
Q

most common cause of death in CF

A

Cardiopulmonary complications
Pulmonary infection as well

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20
Q

long term complications for CF

A

Bronchiectasis
right sided heart failure
Pancreatic insufficiency
Infertility

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21
Q

Infertility in CF is due to

A

Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens

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22
Q

Pancreatic insufficiency is due to

A

thick mucus plugging the ducts leading to obstruction , low grade chronic auto-digestion

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23
Q

failure of intra-luminal phase can be treated with

A

oral enzyme supplements

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24
Q

celiac disease also known as

A

celiac spure / gluten-sensitive enteropathy

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25
pathopyhsiology of celiac disease
Immune mediated
26
celiac spure is triggered by
gluten containing food like : wheat , rye , barely
27
incidence of gluten sensitive enteropathy
0.6-1%
28
other immune diseases association
type 1 diabetes thyroiditis , sjögren syndrome , IgA nephropathy
29
Mention diagnostic tests done
Biopsy & serology
30
Biopsy is taken from
2nd portion of duodenum or proximal jejunum
31
which test is performed first biopsy or serology
Serologic tests are first
32
serologic tests is done for detection of
Presence of IgA or IgG antibodies
33
IgA antibodies are for
Tissue transglutaminase
34
IgG antibodies are for
deamidated gliadin
35
innate immunity consists of
CD8 intraepithelial T cells ( killer/cytotoxic )
36
Adaptive immunity consists of
CD4 T cells and B cells sensitive to gliadin
37
CD8 / cytotoxic T cells are activated by
IL 15
38
Biopsy specimens will show increase in which WBCs
CD8 T lymphocytes
39
other findings in the biopsy
Crypt hyperplasia villous atrophy
40
Biopsy findings can be seen in what other disease
viral enteritis
41
Complications of celiac disease
iron, vitamin deficiencies Ulcerative enteritis T cell lymphomas Gastrointestinal cancers
42
acute pancreatitis is characterised by
Reversible pancreatic parenchymal injury with inflammation
43
acute pancreatitis results from
Inappropriate release & activation of pancreatic enzymes , will destroy pancreatic tissue
44
mention alterations in acute pancreatitis
1-microvascular leak&edema 2-fat necrosis 3-acute inflammation 4-destruction of pancreatic parenchyma 5- blood vessels destruction & interstitial haemorrhage
45
the granular blue microscope appearance of fat cells is due to
Combined fatty acids and calcium forming insoluble salts
46
Prolonged inflammation of pancreas is
Chronic pancreatitis
47
Characteristics of chronic pancreatitis
Irreversible destruction of exocrine parenchyma , fibrosis & in lat stages destruction of endocrine parenchyma
48
Inflammatory mediators in chronic pancreatitis
TGF- BETA PDGF
49
gross appearance in chronic pancreatitis
hard shrunken pancreas with visibly dilated ducts containing calcification
50
Microscopic appearance in chronic pancreatitis
Chronic inflammation around lobules & ducts acinar loss % fibrosis
51
Complications of pancreatitis
intra-pancreatic abscess Pseudocysts hypoalbuminemia hypovolemia , hypotension Pulmonary failure hypocalcemia DM
52
intra-pancreatic abscess is due to
Necrosis & gram negative organisms
53
into which part of colon the pancreatic abscess can erode
Transverse colon
54
Pseudocyst are due to
Inflammation with expansile tissue & bacterial infection
55
Ascites rupture from the pseudocysts is rich in
Amylase
56
hypoalbuminemia is due to
loss & leakage of protein
57
hypovolemia is due to
Capillary leakage , transudation & exudation of fluid Decrease intra-vascular osmotic pressure
58
pulmonary failure is due to
ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome
59
renal failure is due to
Sepsis , hypotension & circulating immune complexs
60
Lactase deficiency will result in
Osmotic diarrhea
61
mention the 2 types of lactase deficiency
Congenital lactase deficiency Acquired lactase deficiency
62
Genetic predisposition for congenital lactase deficiency
Autosomal recessive
63
Characteristics of congenital lactase deficiency
Explosive watery diarrhea , frothy stools Abdominal distention
64
watery diarrhea / frothy stools is after ingestion of
milk
65
Acquired lactase deficiency is due to
down-regulation of lactase gene expression
66
genetic predisposition for abetalipoproteinemia
autosomal recessive
67
abetalipoproteinemia is characterised by
Inability to secret triglyceride-rich lipoprotein
68
Characteristics of abetalipoprteinemia in infants
Failure to thrive , diarrhoea , steatorrhea
69
Mention 2 types of microscopic colitis
collagenous colitis lymphocytic colitis
70
Characteristics of microscopic colitis
Chronic non-bloody watery diarrhoea no weight loss
71
Radiology & endoscopy findings in microscopic colitis
NORMAL FINDINGS
72
Characteristics of collagenous colitis
Presence of dense sub-epithelial COLLAGEN layer Increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes mixed inflammatory infiltrate with lamina propria
73
findings in lymphocytic colitis
normal thickness collagen layer Increase in T lymphocytes
74
Autoimmune associated disorders with lymphocytic colitis
Celiac disease , thyroiditis , arthritis , autoimmune lymphocytic gastritis

UNIT 5 GI (34 decks)

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