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UNIT 5 GI > P4 PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

P4 PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

chronic malabsorption causes

A

weight loss , anorexia , abdominal distension , muscle wasting

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2
Q

Inadequate absorption of vitamins and minerals lead to

A

Anaemia

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3
Q

Vitamin K deficiency causes

A

bleeding

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4
Q

Calcium , magnesium and vitamin D deficiency causes

A

osteopenia & tetany

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5
Q

Vitamin A , B12 deficiency causes

A

neuropathy

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6
Q

Steatorrhea is characterised by

A

greasy , yellow / clay coloured
bulky , frothy stools

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7
Q

most common chronic malabsoptive disorders

A

Celiac disease
Pancreatic insufficiency
Crohn disease

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8
Q

mention the 4 phases of nutrient absorption

A

1- Intraluminal digestion
2- terminal digestion
3- transepithelial transport
4- lymphatic transport

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9
Q

explain the intraluminal digestion phase

A

carb , fat , proteins get broken down to absorbable forms

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10
Q

explain the terminal digestion

A

Hydrolysis of carbs & peptides in the brush border of small intestinal mucosa

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11
Q

Carbohydrates get hydrolysed by

A

Disaccharides

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12
Q

Peptides get hydrolysed by

A

peptidases

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13
Q

explain the transepithelial transport

A

Nutrients , fluids , electrolytes get transported across the intestinal epithelium

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14
Q

in lymphatic transport ,
what is getting transported

A

absorbed lipids

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15
Q

genetic predisposition of cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive

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16
Q

Cystic fibrosis is due to mutation in which gene

A

CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

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17
Q

main defect in CF is in what ion transport

A

Chloride ion transport

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18
Q

Defect in chloride transport results in

A

high salt concentration in sweat & luminal secretions

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19
Q

most common cause of death in CF

A

Cardiopulmonary complications
Pulmonary infection as well

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20
Q

long term complications for CF

A

Bronchiectasis
right sided heart failure
Pancreatic insufficiency
Infertility

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21
Q

Infertility in CF is due to

A

Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens

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22
Q

Pancreatic insufficiency is due to

A

thick mucus plugging the ducts leading to obstruction , low grade chronic auto-digestion

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23
Q

failure of intra-luminal phase can be treated with

A

oral enzyme supplements

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24
Q

celiac disease also known as

A

celiac spure / gluten-sensitive enteropathy

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25
Q

pathopyhsiology of celiac disease

A

Immune mediated

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26
Q

celiac spure is triggered by

A

gluten containing food like : wheat , rye , barely

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27
Q

incidence of gluten sensitive enteropathy

A

0.6-1%

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28
Q

other immune diseases association

A

type 1 diabetes
thyroiditis , sjögren syndrome , IgA nephropathy

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29
Q

Mention diagnostic tests done

A

Biopsy & serology

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30
Q

Biopsy is taken from

A

2nd portion of duodenum or proximal jejunum

31
Q

which test is performed first biopsy or serology

A

Serologic tests are first

32
Q

serologic tests is done for detection of

A

Presence of IgA or IgG antibodies

33
Q

IgA antibodies are for

A

Tissue transglutaminase

34
Q

IgG antibodies are for

A

deamidated gliadin

35
Q

innate immunity consists of

A

CD8 intraepithelial T cells ( killer/cytotoxic )

36
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of

A

CD4 T cells and B cells sensitive to gliadin

37
Q

CD8 / cytotoxic T cells are activated by

A

IL 15

38
Q

Biopsy specimens will show increase in which WBCs

A

CD8 T lymphocytes

39
Q

other findings in the biopsy

A

Crypt hyperplasia
villous atrophy

40
Q

Biopsy findings can be seen in what other disease

A

viral enteritis

41
Q

Complications of celiac disease

A

iron, vitamin deficiencies
Ulcerative enteritis
T cell lymphomas
Gastrointestinal cancers

42
Q

acute pancreatitis is characterised by

A

Reversible pancreatic parenchymal injury with inflammation

43
Q

acute pancreatitis results from

A

Inappropriate release & activation of pancreatic enzymes , will destroy pancreatic tissue

44
Q

mention alterations in acute pancreatitis

A

1-microvascular leak&edema
2-fat necrosis
3-acute inflammation
4-destruction of pancreatic parenchyma
5- blood vessels destruction & interstitial haemorrhage

45
Q

the granular blue microscope appearance of fat cells is due to

A

Combined fatty acids and calcium forming insoluble salts

46
Q

Prolonged inflammation of pancreas is

A

Chronic pancreatitis

47
Q

Characteristics of chronic pancreatitis

A

Irreversible destruction of exocrine parenchyma , fibrosis & in lat stages destruction of endocrine parenchyma

48
Q

Inflammatory mediators in chronic pancreatitis

A

TGF- BETA
PDGF

49
Q

gross appearance in chronic pancreatitis

A

hard shrunken pancreas with visibly dilated ducts containing calcification

50
Q

Microscopic appearance in chronic pancreatitis

A

Chronic inflammation around lobules & ducts
acinar loss % fibrosis

51
Q

Complications of pancreatitis

A

intra-pancreatic abscess
Pseudocysts
hypoalbuminemia
hypovolemia , hypotension
Pulmonary failure
hypocalcemia
DM

52
Q

intra-pancreatic abscess is due to

A

Necrosis & gram negative organisms

53
Q

into which part of colon the pancreatic abscess can erode

A

Transverse colon

54
Q

Pseudocyst are due to

A

Inflammation with expansile tissue & bacterial infection

55
Q

Ascites rupture from the pseudocysts is rich in

A

Amylase

56
Q

hypoalbuminemia is due to

A

loss & leakage of protein

57
Q

hypovolemia is due to

A

Capillary leakage , transudation & exudation of fluid
Decrease intra-vascular osmotic pressure

58
Q

pulmonary failure is due to

A

ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome

59
Q

renal failure is due to

A

Sepsis , hypotension & circulating immune complexs

60
Q

Lactase deficiency will result in

A

Osmotic diarrhea

61
Q

mention the 2 types of lactase deficiency

A

Congenital lactase deficiency
Acquired lactase deficiency

62
Q

Genetic predisposition for congenital lactase deficiency

A

Autosomal recessive

63
Q

Characteristics of congenital lactase deficiency

A

Explosive watery diarrhea , frothy stools
Abdominal distention

64
Q

watery diarrhea / frothy stools is after ingestion of

A

milk

65
Q

Acquired lactase deficiency is due to

A

down-regulation of lactase gene expression

66
Q

genetic predisposition for abetalipoproteinemia

A

autosomal recessive

67
Q

abetalipoproteinemia is characterised by

A

Inability to secret triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

68
Q

Characteristics of abetalipoprteinemia in infants

A

Failure to thrive , diarrhoea , steatorrhea

69
Q

Mention 2 types of microscopic colitis

A

collagenous colitis
lymphocytic colitis

70
Q

Characteristics of microscopic colitis

A

Chronic non-bloody watery diarrhoea
no weight loss

71
Q

Radiology & endoscopy findings in microscopic colitis

A

NORMAL FINDINGS

72
Q

Characteristics of collagenous colitis

A

Presence of dense sub-epithelial COLLAGEN layer
Increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes
mixed inflammatory infiltrate with lamina propria

73
Q

findings in lymphocytic colitis

A

normal thickness collagen layer
Increase in T lymphocytes

74
Q

Autoimmune associated disorders with lymphocytic colitis

A

Celiac disease , thyroiditis , arthritis , autoimmune lymphocytic gastritis

UNIT 5 GI (34 decks)

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