Overview: From Innate Immunity to Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What does PAMP stand for?

Answer 1

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

Question 2

PRR stands for ______.

Answer 2

Pattern-Recognition Receptor

Question 3

What is the one human-produced enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Amylase

Question 4

Lymphocyte extravasation is called _____.

Answer 4

diapedesis

Question 5

TLR4 binds to __________.

Answer 5

lipopolysaccharide (part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria)

Question 6

TLR activation stimulates _______.

Answer 6

cytokine and chemokine release (resulting in inflammation) by the IRAK pathway, which activates NF-kB (the “mother of all inflammatory markers”)

Question 7

There are two main classes of T cells, ____ and _____.

Answer 7

helper; killer

Question 8

Th1 is a helper T cell that ______.

Answer 8

recognizes antigens and makes a lymphokine that attracts thousands of macrophages, the heavy-duty phagocytes, to the area where antigen has been recognized. This intense inflammation can wipe out a serious infection—or a transplanted kidney

Question 9

Th17 cells ______.

Answer 9

are similar to Th1 in that their main role is to cause focused inflammation, although they are more powerful than Th1. They help resist some very tough infectious organisms, but they have been implicated in many serious forms of autoimmunity

Question 10

Th2 cells are helper T cells that _________.

Answer 10

stimulate macrophages to become “alternatively activated,” and then function in walling-off pathogens and promoting healing, a process that usually takes place after the pathogen-killing Th1 response. They are very important in parasite immunity.

Question 11

Follicular helper T cells, or Tfh, __________.

Answer 11

migrate from T cell areas of lymph nodes into the B cell follicles (after being activated by an antigen), where they help B cells get activated to make the IgM, IgG, IgE and IgA antibody subclasses.

Question 12

Regulatory helper T cells, or Treg, ________.

Answer 12

make lymphokines that suppress the activation and function of their sibling T helper cells, so they keep the immune response in check.

Question 13

Cytotoxic T cells, or CTLs, kill any cell that has an ________.

Answer 13

abnormal or foreign antigen

Question 14

Helper T cells have a marker called ______, while cytotoxic T cells have a marker called ______.

Answer 14

CD4; CD8

Question 15

MHC II are present on _______, and binds to _____.

Answer 15

antigen-presenting cells (APCs); CD4 receptors

Question 16

MHC I are present on ________, and binds to _____.

Answer 16

all cells; CD8 receptors

Question 17

_____ is the only immunoglobulin that can pass from mother to fetus.

Answer 17

IgG

Question 18

IgD is a _______.

Answer 18

form of antibody inserted into B cell membranes as their antigen receptor

Question 19

IgG and IgM both activate the complement cascade, but ____ is faster.

Answer 19

IgM

Question 20

______ is an immunoglobulin that is secreted into the body’s mucous membranes as a first-line defense.

Answer 20

IgA