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MBBS IASM > (OLD) IAS 61 + 65 > Flashcards

(OLD) IAS 61 + 65 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell wall of fungi made of?

A

Glucan 60%
Protein 30%
Chitin 10%

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2
Q

What component is there in fungi cell embrane

A

Ergosterol

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3
Q

What are the three types of fungi?

A

Yeast- unicellular
Moulds- multicellular
Thermodimorphic fungi- Yeast at 37C and mould at 25C

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4
Q

Name 2 types of yeasts

A

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

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5
Q

What mechanism does yeasts reproduce?

A

Budding

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6
Q

Which stain is used for cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Indian ink staining

A negative stain which stains the background of the fungi, shows the capsule of C neoformans

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7
Q

What are the long branching filaments that moulds form?

A

hyphae

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8
Q

What structure does hyphae form

A

mycelium

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9
Q

How does moulds reproduce?

A

Asexual or sexual reproduction

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10
Q

Name 3 types of moulds?

A 
Aspergillus fumigatus
Dermatophytes: 
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Microsporum
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11
Q

Name a type of dimorphic fungi

A

Talaromyces marneffei

Penicillium marneffei

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12
Q

What fungi will have a higher chance to infect us when we have low neutrophil level? (Neutropenia)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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13
Q

What fungi have a higher chance to infect us with HIV infection?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

Talaromyces marneffei

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14
Q

Name two types of superficial infections by fungi

A

Candidiasis

Dermatophytosis

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15
Q

Name two types of candidiasis

A

Oral thrush

Vaginal thrush

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16
Q

Name three types of dermatophytosis

A 
Tinea pedis (foot)
Tinea capitum (scalp, hair)
Tinea unguium (nails)
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17
Q

What can we use to visualize mould

A

KOH smear

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18
Q

What can we use to visualize candida

A

Gram smear

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19
Q

What can we use to visualize cryptococcus neoformans

A

Indian ink smear

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20
Q

What method to detect aspergillus fumigatus

A

Nucleic acid detection

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21
Q

How does polyenes work

A

It complexes with ergosterol on the cell membrane and disrupt the fungal plasma membrane

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22
Q

Name the two types of polyenes

A

Nystatin

Amophotericin B

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23
Q

How does azoles work

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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24
Q

Name three types of azoles

A

Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole

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25
Q

How does nucleoside analogues work? Name a type of it?

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis

5-flucytosine

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26
Q

How does echinocandins work?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

27
Q

Name 3 types of echinocandins

A

Caspofungin
micafungin
anidulafungin

28
Q

Is candida albicans exogenous infection or endogenous?

A

Endogenous infection

29
Q

Where is the reservoir of candida albicans

A

Skin
GI tract
Female genital tract

30
Q

How to culture C. albicans

A 
Agar plates (pus)
Broth culture (blood)
31
Q

What antigen is present in serum of candida albicans

A

Beta D-glucan

32
Q

Are there any vaccines for C. albicans?

A

No

33
Q

Treatment for superficial candidasis

A 
Nystatin
Fluconazole (refractory cases)
34
Q

Treatment for systemic candidiasis

A

Fluconazole

Amphotericin B

35
Q

Term for single cell parasites

A

Protozoa

36
Q

Term for multicellular parasites

A

Helminths

37
Q

Name the three types of helminths

A

Nematodes
Trematodes
Cestodes

38
Q

Term for parasites living in body AND term for parasites living on the surface of body?

A

Endoparasites AND Ectoparasites

39
Q

Infection and infestation

A

Invasion of endoparasites inside the body VS external parasitism by ectoparasites

40
Q

What is the term for parasite host that harbours the adult or sexual stages of the parasite?

A

Definitive host

41
Q

What is the term for parasite host that harbours the intermediate or larval stages of the parasite?

A

Intermediate host

42
Q

What is the function of cyst

A

Cyst wall protects the organism so the organism can survive

43
Q

Term for the stage of parasite that is causing the disease

A

Trophozoite

44
Q

What are nematodes

Their appearance?

A

Roundworms

Elongated and cylindrical in appearance

45
Q

What are trematodes

Their appearance?

A

Flukes

Flat, leaf-like structure

46
Q

Are trematodes hermaphordites

A

Yes

They have male and female sex organs inside their bodies

47
Q

What intermediate host does trematodes require?

A

Freshwater snails

48
Q

What are cestodes

Their appearance

A

Tapeworms

Long, segmented adult worms

49
Q

Give an example of cestodes

A

Taenia solium

50
Q

Result of ingest eggs of Taenia solium

A

Develop into neurocysticercosis

51
Q

Result of ingest cysticerci

A

Develop into an adult worm

52
Q

Two types of arthropods: insects and arachnids

Differences?

A

Insects: have 3 pairs of legs
Arachnids: have 4 pairs of legs

53
Q

The genus of protozoa that causes malaria infection

A

Plasmodium

54
Q

What is the natural vector of malaria

A

Female Anopheles mosquitoes

55
Q

What are the other routes of transmission for malaria

A

Blood transfusion
Contaminated needles
Congenital (through placenta)

56
Q

The most dangerous type of malaria
Name the parasite
Why

A

Falciparum malaria
By plasmodium falciparum
High levels of parasitaemia

57
Q

Name the 2 types of parasites that relapse would occur for malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium ovale

58
Q

Name the stage for the sporozoites remain latent in the liver

A

Hypnozoite stage

59
Q

Name the stage for the sporozoites multiplying in the liver

A

exoerythrocytic stage

60
Q

What will the sporozoites infect after going into the bloodstream

A

Red blood cells

61
Q

Define relapse

A

Recurrence of symptoms after complete initial clearing of parasitaemia due to re-invasion of blood stream by exo-erythrocytic stages
Therefore, we need to kill the hypnozoites

62
Q

Define recrudescence

A

Recurrence of symptoms after initial parasitaemia is reduced to a very low level but not completely cleared

63
Q

In laboratory diagnosis of malaria, what method is used?

A

Examination of blood films
Antigen detection in blood
Nucleic acid amplification

64
Q

What stain is used in the blood films during lab diagnosis of malaria?

A

Giemsa stain

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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